A new type of amino acid surfactant, lauroyl lysine (LL), is used as a green collector for the low-temperature flotation of quartz. The micro-flotation test results indicate that, under flotation conditions of 10–40 °C, pH = 11.0, 20 mg/L CaCl₂, and 60 mg/L LL, the highest recovery of quartz by LL could reach up to 97.08%. The temperature at which flotation occurs little impacts LL collection efficiency. In contrast, sodium oleate (NaOL) gives inferior performance to LL at all tested temperatures. The adsorption measurement and SEM-EDS results confirm that a quantity of LL is absorbed onto the quartz surface at low temperatures. Investigations into the interaction between the reagents and mineral surfaces are conducted using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis, zeta potential measurements, and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra. Findings indicate that LL is adsorbed onto the quartz surface through hydrogen bonds and intense chemisorption. Additionally, the amide groups in the LL molecular structure increase the solubility of the collector at low temperatures, and simultaneously, the amide bond can form an intermolecular hydrogen bond between O and H, which is conducive to quartz flotation.