As the world’s largest accretionary orogen, the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB) underwent continuous juvenile crustal growth in the Phanerozoic. The northern margin of the North China Craton (NCC) and its adjacent area form the eastern segment of the CAOB, which is a key area for learning about the geological evolution of the Paleo-Asian Ocean (PAO). In the Permian, the west of the northern margin of the NCC was a post-collision extensional environment, while the east was in a subduction stage. As a connecting area, the Permian evolution of the PAO in the middle of the northern margin of the NCC has not been systematically studied. In order to fill the gap and understand the continuous temporal and spatial evolutionary process of the PAO, this paper focuses on the Permian granitic rocks in the Chifeng area. Zircon U-Pb dating and the geochemical analysis of whole-rock major and trace elements were conducted to build a granite chronological framework, and to discuss the genesis and tectonic background of the granitic rocks, along with tectono-magmatic evolutionary history in the Chifeng area. The respective LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating results from eight samples are 269 ± 1, 268 ± 3, 260 ± 4, 260 ± 1, 260 ± 1, 255 ± 2, 254 ± 2 and 256 ± 1 Ma, respectively. These results, combined with previous data, revealed that the Permian granitic rocks had undergone three events of magmatism: (1) monzogranitic-syenitic phase (294–284 Ma; Cisuralian); (2) monzogranitic phase (269–260 Ma; Guadalupian) and (3) late monzogranitic-syenitic phase (256–254 Ma; Lopingian). From the Early Permian (294–284 Ma) to the Middle Permian (269–260 Ma), granites with fine-medium-grained locally porphyritic texture and massive structure showed a high-potassium calc-alkaline series formed in a compressional setting, indicating a continuous collision between the Xing’an-Mongolian Orogenic Belt (XMOB) and the NCC. During the Late Permian-Early Triassic (256–248 Ma), granites with massive structure and medium-grained texture in the Chifeng area were magmatism dominated by A- and I-type granites of high-potassium calc-alkaline series, combined with the coeval basic rocks, which constituted a typical “bimodal” rock assemblage. This suggests that the Chifeng area was located in an extensional setting where the subducting slab broke off during the collision between the XMOB and NCC. These granitic plutons from the Permian are believed to have been generated by the subduction-collision of the Paleo-Asian oceanic crust beneath the NCC, according to emplacement time and occurrence location. Our findings provide strong evidence for Permian continuous temporal and spatial tectonic evolution and the characterization of the eventual closure of the PAO in Chifeng area at the northern margin of the NCC.

Petrological, geochronological, and geochemical analyses of mafic rocks in northern Liaoning were conducted to constrain the formation age of the Proterozoic strata, and to further study the source characteristics, genesis, and tectonic setting. The mafic rocks in northern Liaoning primarily consist of basalt, diabase, gabbro, and amphibolite. Results of zircon U-Pb chronology reveal four stages of mafic magma activities in northern Liaoning: the first stage of basalt (2209 ± 12 Ma), the second stage of diabase (2154 ± 15 Ma), the third stage of gabbro (2063 ± 7 Ma), and the fourth stage of magmatic protolith of amphibolite (2018 ± 13 Ma). Combined with the unconformity overlying Neoproterozoic granite, the formation age of the Proterozoic strata in northern Liaoning was found to be Paleoproterozoic rather than Middle Neoproterozoic by the geochronology of these mafic rocks. A chronological framework of mafic magmatic activities in the eastern segment of the North China Craton (NCC) is proposed. The mafic rocks in northern Liaoning exhibit compositional ranges of 46.39–50.33 wt% for SiO₂, 2.95–5.08 wt% for total alkalis (K₂O + Na₂O), 6.17–7.50 wt% for MgO, and 43.32–52.02 for the Mg number. TiO₂ contents lie between 1.61 and 2.39 wt%, and those of MnO between 0.17 and 0.21 wt%. The first basalt and the fourth amphibolite show low total rare earth element contents. Normalized against primitive mantle, they are enriched in large ion lithophile elements (Rb, Ba, K), depleted in high field strength elements (Th, U, Nb, Ta, Zr, Ti), and exhibit negative anomalies in Sr and P, as well as slight positive anomalies in Zr and Hf. The second diabase and the third gabbro have similar average total rare earth element contents. The diabase shows slight negative Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu* = 0.72–0.88), enrichment in large ion lithophile elements (Ba), depletion in Rb, and slight positive anomalies in high field strength elements (Th, U, Nb, Ta, Zr, Hf, Ti), with negative anomalies in K, Sr, and P. The gabbro is enriched in large ion lithophile elements (Rb, Ba, K), depleted in high field strength elements (Th, U, Nb, Ta, Zr, Hf), and exhibits positive anomalies in Eu (Eu/Eu* = 1.31–1.37). The contents of Cr, Co, and Ni of these four stages of mafic rocks are higher than those of N-MORB. The characteristics of trace element ratios indicate that the mafic rocks belong to the calc-alkaline series and originate from the transitional mantle. During the process of magma ascent and emplacement, it is contaminated by continental crustal materials. There are residual hornblende and spinel in the magma source of the first basalt. The other three magma sources contain residual garnet and spinel. The third gabbro was formed in an island arc environment, and the other three stages of mafic rocks originated from the Dupal OIB and were formed in an oceanic island environment. The discovery of mafic rocks in northern Liaoning suggests that the Longgang Block underwent oceanic subduction and extinction in both the north and south in the Paleoproterozoic, indicating the possibility of being in two different tectonic domains.

The subduction polarity of the Mongol–Okhotsk Ocean (MOO) during the Mesozoic remains contentious, with competing models advocating for southward, northward, or bidirectional subduction. The Xifengshan area in the northern Great Xing’an Range, located south of the Mongol–Okhotsk suture, preserves Early–Middle Jurassic calc-alkaline intrusions, which provides important constraints on this debate. We present zircon U–Pb ages, whole-rock geochemistry, and Lu–Hf isotopes for diorite, granodiorite, and monzogranite from this area. Zircon U–Pb dating yields ages of 178–173 Ma, defining a short-lived magmatic pulse. The suite is calc-alkaline, enriched in LILE and depleted in Nb–Ta–Ti, typical of arc magmas. The diorite represents the most mantle-proximal preserved end-member of the system and records substantial mantle input from a slab-modified mantle wedge. Geochemical trends (increasing Rb/Th, decreasing Sr with differentiation) reflect plagioclase-dominated fractional crystallization with minor AFC. Local adakitic-like signatures are better interpreted as differentiation-related effects than as direct evidence for slab melting. Zircon εHf(t) values (+1.62 to +11.55) and T_DM1 ages (363–772 Ma) are greater than the crystallization ages, indicating substantial juvenile input together with the variable involvement of previously accreted crustal components. We suggest that mantle wedge-derived magmas modified by slab-related components triggered the partial melting of the arc crust, whereas subsequent intracrustal differentiation produced the observed intrusive sequence. The continental arc system provides robust evidence for the southeastward subduction of the MOO during the Early–Middle Jurassic, resolving the long-standing polarity controversy.

The attributes of Late Paleozoic magmatic events are of paramount significance in elucidating the tectonic evolution of the Ulanhot region, which is located in the middle of the Hegenshan–Heihe tectonic belt (HHTB). This study undertook a comprehensive investigation of the petrography, LA–ICP–MS zircon U–Pb dating, whole rock geochemistry, and zircon Hf isotopes of the Early Carboniferous volcanic rocks. The volcanic rocks are predominantly composed of andesite, schist (which protolith is rhyolitic tuff), and rhyolitic tuff. The results of zircon U–Pb dating reveal that the formation ages of volcanic rocks are Early Carboniferous (343–347.4 Ma). Geochemical characteristics indicate that the andesites possess a comparatively elevated concentration of Al₂O₃, alongside diminished levels of MgO and TiO₂, belonging to the high-K calc-alkaline series. The zircon εHf(t) of the andesites range from −13 to 9.4, while the two-stage Hf model ages span from 697 to 1937 Ma. The felsic volcanic rocks have high contents of SiO₂ and Na₂O + K₂O, low contents of MgO and TiO₂, and belong to high-K to normal calc-alkaline series. The zircon εHf(t) values of the felsic volcanic rocks range from −12.8 to 10, while the two-stage Hf model ages span from 693 to 2158 Ma. The Early Carboniferous volcanic rocks exhibit a notable enrichment in large ion lithophile elements (LILEs, such as Rb, K, Ba) and light rare earth elements (LREEs), depletion in high-field-strength elements (HFSEs, including Nb, Ta, Ti, Hf), as well as heavy rare earth elements (HREEs). The distribution patterns of the rare earth elements (REEs) demonstrate a conspicuous right-leaning tendency, accompanied by weak negative Eu anomalies. These characteristics indicate that the andesites represent products of multistage mixing and interaction between crustal and mantle materials in a subduction zone setting. The felsic volcanic rocks originated from the partial melting of crustal materials. Early Carboniferous igneous rocks formed in a volcanic arc setting are characteristic of an active continental margin. The identification of Early Carboniferous arc volcanic rocks in the Central Great Xing’an Range suggests that this region was under the subduction background of the oceanic plate subduction before the collision and amalgamation of the Erguna–Xing’an Block and the Songnen Block in the Early Carboniferous.