The male breast is predisposed to be affected by many of the same pathological processes as the female breast is. The diagnosis of male breast pathologies is generally achievable when clinical evaluation is combined with standard breast imaging methods such as mammography and ultrasound. Magnetic resonance imaging is also a valuable tool in diagnosing the main pathologies affecting the male breast, especially for evaluating pre- and post-surgical treatments and follow-up. However, although this technique has been sufficiently regulated and adopted by many breast radiologists for female breast imaging, its application in the diagnosis of male breast pathologies remains limited to a few specialized centers. This article, based on a retrospective analysis of the experience of the University of Verona, explores various aspects of male breast diseases, including benign conditions such as gynecomastia and breast implant ruptures in transgender women as well as malignant entities such as male breast cancer. Emphasis is placed on the distinctive morphological features, enhancement patterns and kinetics observed in male breast lesions on dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the application of MRI in male breast disease assessment, highlighting the potential role of MRI as a complementary tool to traditional breast imaging techniques.

Background: The aim of this study was to retrospectively evaluate the 3-year radiographic outcomes of periodontal intrabony defects treated with non-surgical subgingival therapy (NST), assessing radiographic bone gain (RBG) through experimental digital software, named “Bone Defect Analysis (BDA)”. Methods: The study included 17 intrabony defects in 14 patients. BDA software (version 1) was used on radiographs to calculate RBG (in %) and variations in defect angle (in °) between baseline (T0) and 3-year follow-up (T1). Soft tissue conditions were registered, reporting bleeding on probing (BOP), probing pocket depth (PPD), and clinical attachment level (CAL). Defects were analyzed according to angles less (group A) or greater (group B) than 30°. Results: Nine and eight defects were, respectively, analyzed in groups A and B. Three years after treatment, an average RBG of 12.28% was found overall, with 13.25% and 10.11% for groups A and B, respectively (p = 0.28). Clinically, a mean CAL of 6.05 mm at T1 (from 10.94 mm at T0) was found, with 6.88 mm and 5.12 mm in groups A and B, respectively (p = 0.07). Conclusions: BDA software demonstrated predictability in the evaluation of bone variations after NST, revealing better clinical findings for intrabony defects with an initial smaller angle.