With the continuous improvement of construction management standards, thorough investigation into various management objectives becomes crucial. To address the current gaps in project management concerning time, cost, safety, and carbon emissions interrelationships, this study adopts the multi-objective optimization (MOP) theory and makes the following contributions: (1) proposes an innovative carbon emission model, which enhances the cost model by incorporating carbon cost factors, and establishes a MOP model covering time–cost–safety–carbon emissions; (2) validates the effectiveness of the proposed model and the feasibility of algorithms through empirical research and algorithm comparison analysis—the research demonstrates that NSGA-III exhibits significant advantages in solving MOP problems of this scale; (3) applies the entropy-weighted VIKOR method to objectively analyze the solution set obtained by NSGA-III for optimal solution selection. This study provides practical management tools for project managers and offers significant insights for researchers in construction management regarding multi-objective problem-solving and algorithm selection.

Against the backdrop of the ongoing implementation of the “dual-carbon” strategy and green building policies, this study concentrates on the production stage of precast concrete (PC) components. A composite analytical framework that integrates the structural equation model (SEM) with the system dynamics model (SD) is developed, through which a systematic and dynamically responsive model for the joint optimization of carbon emissions and costs is proposed. The results demonstrate that (1) when investment in green policies is maintained within the range of 10–20%, a 4.2% reduction in carbon emissions can be achieved by 2030, while costs remain optimized; (2) under the scenario of moderate green policy investment (10–20%) combined with a carbon tax of CNY 100/ton, carbon emissions can be reduced by 7.52%, with costs also reaching an optimal level; and (3) among the multi-path emission reduction strategies, the technology optimization pathway and energy structure optimization pathway achieve reductions of 9.68% and 8.97%, respectively. These findings provide theoretical support for the coordinated control of carbon emissions and costs during the production stage of PC components, while also offering empirical evidence and practical guidance for governments in formulating green building policies and for enterprises in advancing low-carbon transitions.