A wide variety of neurological and psychiatric disorders have been shown to be closely related to changes in hippocampal volume (HV). It appears that hippocampal volumetry will be an indispensable part of clinical practice for a number of neuropsychiatric disorders in the near future. The aim of this study was to establish a normative data set for HV according to age and sex in the general population. Hippocampal magnetic resonance imaging scans of 302 healthy volunteers were obtained using a 1.5 T unit with a 20-channel head coil. The hippocampal volumetric assessment was conducted using the volBrain fully automated segmentation algorithm on coronal oblique T1-weighted magnetization prepared rapid gradient-echo (MP-RAGE) images obtained perpendicular to the long axis of the hippocampus. The mean values of HV of groups according to age and sex were calculated. The associations between HV and age and sex were analyzed. The mean HV of the study group was found to be 3.81 ± 0.46 cm3. We found that the mean HV of males (3.94 ± 0.49 cm3) was significantly higher than that of females (3.74 ± 0.42 cm3), and the mean right HV (3.86 ± 0.48 cm3) was significantly higher than that of the left HV (3.78 ± 0.49 cm3) (P = 0.001). Among both females and males, there were statistically significant but poor negative correlations between age and volumetric measurements of both the right and the left hippocampi (P < 0.05). The normative hippocampal volumetric data obtained in this study may be beneficial in clinical applications for many neuropsychiatric diseases, especially for mesial temporal sclerosis and cognitive disorders.

Background: The interest in the morphological development of brain structures during childhood and adolescence arises from discussions on subcortical anomalies and sexual dimorphism, from adolescent changes in cognitive functions supported by cortical and subcortical structures to a wide range of childhood neuropsychiatric diseases. This study aims to investigate the relationships subcortical structures regarding age/gender changes in the healthy adult human brain using web-based VolBrain. Materials and methods: In this study, 303 normal healthy adults [male and female] were obtained using a 1.5 T unit with a 20-channel head coil. Results: The volumes of White Matter, Gray Matter, Total Brain, Cerebrospinal Fluid, and Total Intracranial Volume were significantly higher in males than those in females. Our analysis revealed a significantly larger accumbens volume for females. With age less than or equal to 50 years, older males were found to have higher total LV, putamen, thalamus, amygdala, cerebrum, White Matter and Gray Matter volumes than females. The age greater than the 50-years-old group resulted in a mean of total thalamus, Globus Pallidus and accumbens volumes higher in females than those in males. Right hemisphere volumes in younger and older age groups resulted in volumes except caudate in the older age group; the mean of caudate was significantly higher in females than those in males. Conclusions: These conclusions might have important for the explanation of the effects of gender and age in cross-sectional structural MRI studies. Also, knowing the volume changes of the subcortical structures can provide convenience about the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of various neuromental disorders. Background: The interest in the morphological development of brain structures during childhood and adolescence arises from discussions on subcortical anomalies and sexual dimorphism, from adolescent changes in cognitive functions supported by cortical and subcortical structures to a wide range of childhood neuropsychiatric diseases. This study aims to investigate the relationships subcortical structures regarding age/gender changes in the healthy adult human brain using web-based VolBrain. Materials and methods: In this study, 303 normal healthy adults [male and female] were obtained using a 1.5 T unit with a 20-channel head coil. Results: The volumes of White Matter, Gray Matter, Total Brain, Cerebrospinal Fluid, and Total Intracranial Volume were significantly higher in males than those in females. Our analysis revealed a significantly larger accumbens volume for females. With age less than or equal to 50 years, older males were found to have higher total LV, putamen, thalamus, amygdala, cerebrum, White Matter and Gray Matter volumes than females. The age greater than the 50-years-old group resulted in a mean of total thalamus, Globus Pallidus and accumbens volumes higher in females than those in males. Right hemisphere volumes in younger and older age groups resulted in volumes except caudate in the older age group; the mean of caudate was significantly higher in females than those in males. Conclusions: These conclusions might have important for the explanation of the effects of gender and age in cross-sectional structural MRI studies. Also, knowing the volume changes of the subcortical structures can provide convenience about the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of various neuromental disorders.

Background: We aimed to test the clinical relevance of a newly introduced anatomical classification system of the frontal sinus and to investigate the relation between the frontal sinus type according to this system and the development of frontal sinusitis. We retrospectively evaluated the computed tomography images of 808 frontal sinuses of 404 patients and classified the sinuses as small, medium-sized, and large, based on their size and relation to the orbital roof. We related this classification to the presence or absence of the findings of frontal sinusitis including mucosal thickening, retention cyst/polyp, and/or fluid collection. Results: We found that the most common frontal sinus type is medium-sized (65.84%), followed by the small (22.89%) and large (11.26%) types, respectively. There was no significant difference between the right and left sides in terms of frontal sinus type (P<0.05). We recorded sinusitis in 28 (15.1%) small, 180 (33.8%) medium-sized, and 40 (43.9%) large sinuses. And we showed that the prevalence of sinusitis in medium-sized and large sinuses is significantly higher than that in small sinuses for both sides (P values were 0.001 and 0.015, respectively for the right, and 0.005 and 0.001, respectively for the left side). Conclusion: The result obtained in this study may be considered the first step in demonstrating the clinical benefit of this classification. However, there is no doubt that further comprehensive studies with large series are needed to fully determine the clinical relevance of this newly introduced classification system.

ÖZ Amaç: Maksilla ve mandibulanın trabeküler mikromimarisini mikrobilgisayarlı tomografi (mikro-BT) kullanarak değerlendirmek. Materyal ve metod: Yirmi adet maksiller ve mandibula kadavra örneği, mikro BT kullanılarak tarandı. Numuneler Skyscan 1275® micro-CT sistemi (SkyScan, Kontich, Belçika) kullanılarak aşağıdaki parametrelerle tarandı. Tarama verileri CTan yazılımına aktarıldı ve analiz edildi. Morfometrik parametreler; doku hacmi (DH), Kemik hacmi (KH), kemik hacmi yüzdesi (KH/DH), doku yüzeyi (DY), kemik yüzeyi (KY), kesişme yüzeyi (KY), kemik yüzeyi/hacim oranı (KY/KH), kemik yüzey yoğunluğu (BS/TV), trabeküler patern faktörü (Tb.Pf), yapı modeli indeksi (YMI), trabeküler kalınlık (Tb. Th), trabeküler ayrılma (Tb. Sp), trabeküler sayı (Tb.N) ve anizotropi derecesi (DA), CTAnalyzer yazılımı kullanılarak değerlendirildi. İstatistiksel anlamlılık p<0.05 olarak ayarlandı. Bulgular: BV/TV, Tb.Th, Tb. KIBT görüntülerinde Sp ve DA değerleri mikro-BT görüntülerine göre daha yüksek iken, Tb. CBCT görüntülerinde N değeri, mikro BT görüntülerinden daha düşüktü. BV/TV ve DA parametreleri, CBCT ve mikro-CT cihazları arasında en yüksek uyumu gösterdi (BV/TV için ICC=0,421 ve DA için ICC=0,439, p<0,01). Sonuç: En küçük voksel boyutunda elde edilen CBCT'de ölçülen BV/TV ve DA parametrelerinin maksiller trabeküler mikroyapının değerlendirilmesinde yararlı olduğu bulundu. Anahtar Kelimeler: Mikro bilgisayarlı tomografi, trabeküler kemik mikro yapısı, Maxilla, Mandibula.

Aim: This study aims to investigate whether machine learning (ML) could identify the volumetric changes in the corpus callosum (CC) and its sub-regions (genu, body, and splenium) due to aging and sex differences. Material and Methods: Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) images obtained from 301 healthy male and female subjects were used in the study. The volume measurements of the corpus callosum and its sub-regions were calculated from MRI images using MRICloud software. The classifications of age (young/adult) and sex (female/male) were performed using the Classification Learner Tool in MATLAB 2020b (MathWorks, Natick, MA, USA). Classifiers including k-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), support vector machine (SVM), decision tree, naïve Bayes, logistic regression, and Ensemble classifiers were evaluated using 10-fold cross-validation. Results: Machine learning classification revealed moderate accuracy in distinguishing sex (best: Fine Gaussian SVM, 65.4% accuracy, AUC = 0.60) and higher accuracy in distinguishing age groups (young/adult; best: Fine Gaussian SVM, 83.7% accuracy, area under the curve (AUC) = 0.67) based on corpus callosum and its sub-region volumes derived from MRI. Conclusion: This preliminary data suggests that ML can provide indications to assess the impact of age and sex on corpus callosum volume based on MRI data. The observed classification accuracies, particularly for sex, suggest that larger datasets are needed to enhance the accuracy of these models in future investigations.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to examine the effect of tooth loss on the cancellous bone pattern of the mandible and on the superior bony wall of the mandibular canal. Methods: Twenty-four dry mandibles without any physical deformation were scanned with high-resolution micro-CT device. The second premolar, first, second, and third molar regions on the mandibular canal, the presence of the bony superior wall of the mandibular canal and the cancellous bone pattern of the mandible were examined on micro-CT images. The images were classified into three groups, Type I (trabecular pattern), Type II (osteoporotic pattern), and Type III (dense/irregular pattern). The presence of the bony superior wall of the mandibular canal was noted as absent or present. Results: While 133 (91%) of the dentulous sections were showing Type I trabecular cancellous bone pattern; 25 (54%) of the edentulous sections were of Type I. The superior wall was visible in 90 (62%) of the dentulous regions and in 41 (89%) of the edentulous areas. The cancellous bone pattern of the mandible of the majority of dentulous and edentulous areas had a regular trabecular structure. Dense and irregular trabecular structure were encountered only in edentulous areas. Conclusion: We suggest that there is a very strong relationship between the superior bony wall of the mandibular canal and the cancellous bone pattern of the mandible. We conclude that the trabecular structure of the mandible could change following tooth loss and this have an effect on the change of the structure and the presence of the superior wall of the mandibular canal.