Understanding the microbiological profiles of peri-implant conditions is crucial for developing effective preventive and therapeutic strategies. This narrative review analyzes the microbial profiles associated with healthy peri-implant sites, peri-implant mucositis, and peri-implantitis, along with related microbiological sampling and analyses. Healthy peri-implant sites are predominantly colonized by Streptococcus, Rothia, Neisseria, and Corynebacterium species, in addition to Gram-positive cocci and facultatively anaerobic rods, forming a stable community that prevents pathogenic colonization and maintains microbial balance. In contrast, peri-implant mucositis shows increased microbial diversity, including both health-associated and pathogenic bacteria such as red and orange complex bacteria, contributing to early tissue inflammation. Peri-implantitis is characterized by even greater microbial diversity and a complex pathogenic biofilm. Predominant pathogens include Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Treponema denticola, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and unique species like Filifactor alocis and Fretibacterium fastidiosum. Additionally, less common species such as Staphylococcus and Enterobacteriaceae, contributing to disease progression through biofilm formation and increased inflammatory response, along with EBV and human cytomegalovirus with a still not defined role, and Candida albicans contribute to disease progression through biofilm formation, immune modulation, and synergistic inter-kingdom interactions. Future research should standardize diagnostic criteria, employ advanced molecular techniques, integrate microbial data with clinical factors, and highlight inter-kingdom interactions.

Introduction: Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) and platelet-rich plasma (PRP) utilize autologous blood and share the objective of leveraging blood-derived growth factors to enhance the body’s natural healing process. A large extensive use has been made in various branches of dentistry. Methods: A total of 4175 records were identified from the electronic search, specifically 291 from BioMed Central, 3406 from MEDLINE/PubMed, 304 from the Cochrane library databases, and 174 from the PROSPERO register. This review was performed in relation to the PRISMA flow chart and was annotated in the PROSPERO register. Results: In total, 3416 title abstracts were screened, and a total of 40 systematic reviews were finally included in the present umbrella review. Conclusions: Research supports the use of PRF and PRP in different fields of dentistry. This is a huge potential for the patient but also for the doctor as these products are from the patient and have zero cost. However, further studies are needed, especially RCTs, to have clearer evidence on the role of PRF and PRP.

Background: The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to classify different patterns of mental nerve emergence (MNE) in edentulous mandible using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans. Methods: Seventy-five consecutive patients, each contributing with one hemimandible and candidates for implant surgery, were recruited at Dental Unit of University Hospital of Salerno. CBCT scans were analyzed by two calibrated examiners to assess the distance between the bone crest and the mental foramen (BC–MF), mandibular bone resorption according to the Cawood–Howell (C-H) classification and the pattern of MNE. Inter-rater agreement was evaluated using weighted Cohen’s kappa. Descriptive statistics were calculated and non-parametric tests were used to compare BC–MF distances among C-H categories and MNE classes, as well as to assess associations between categorical variables. Results: Significant differences were observed among MNE-Classes with significantly higher BC–MN distance in Class I compared with Classes II and III, and in Class II compared with Class III ( p < 0.05). Moreover, a statistically significant association between the MNE class and the C-H classification ( p < 0.001) was highlighted. Conclusions: Soft tissue management in the edentulous mandible requires particular attention to reduce the risk of MN injury, especially in MNE Class II and III. A statistically significant association was observed between MNE patterns and C-H classes, with higher emergence classes associated with a reduced BC-MF distance. The proposed radiological classification may support preoperative surgical planning by facilitating the identification of different patterns of MNE.