Understanding farmers’ decision process on the adoption of biological control (BC) may help in promoting adoption. This study explored for the first time the impact of marketing mix elements (product, price, promotion, and place) on bolstering BC for the management of rice stem borer (Chilo suppressalis Walker) among rice farmers in Fuman County in northern Iran. Farmers using BC were familiar with this method primarily via village councils and rural municipality organizations (Dehyaris) and then via distributors of trichocards. Almost half of the farmers (48.3%) had weak to moderate level of contact with distributors of trichocards. All four elements (4Ps) of marketing mix (product, place, price, and promotion) were effective on the marketing of BC agents. Place (distribution) mix, followed by price mix, were the most important factors in marketing trichocards in farmers’ views. According to the sensitivity to 4Ps of marketing mix, most farmers were grouped as semi-sensitive (45.6%) and sensitive (39.4%). Overall, the availability of biological agent products in the market, the affordable price of the products, and the strong relationship of rural people with village councils and rural municipality organizations (Dehyaris) are crucial factors for BC promotion in paddy fields of Fuman.

Today, quality has become the best considered issue for manufacturers and suppliers. Hence, understanding this concept and its execution – related costs in the organizational level is a substantial and vital principle for achieving this goal. To ensure the success of the total quality management process, creating an official structure relevant to this system and using suitable tools and techniques is necessary. Due to fierce national and international competition on one hand and fast change in technology on the other, analyzing, having a better recognition and applying proper discussions including total quality management (TQM) could prove useful and effective. With the importance of establishing a quality costing system for the efficiency of a total quality management system taken into account, the present research deals with studying the effect of the quality costing system helps an organization with regards to identify designing and prevention costs, appraisal costs, internal failure costs and external failure costs. This research is of applied type and was done as a case study at PARS KHAZAR INDUSTRIAL CO. In order to analyze the results, variance analysis (ANOVA) and Duncan tailed test were used. Research result showed that the higher the specifying level of the quality costing system in an organization, the more its effect on the optimum implementation of TQM.

Food and nutrition are crucial aspects of any community's health and well-being. Nevertheless, the leading solution to food security, modifying nutrition, malnutrition and relieving hunger is meticulously planning food and nutrition. This study considers all active components in the supply chain from the farm to the consumer while examining scientific concepts, policies, and attitudes related to food marketing, its quantity and quality. The results indicate that climate changes, global crises such as war and epidemics, wrong economic policies, and environmental destruction are among the most important external factors that threaten food security. Internal factors that affect food security are the unfair distribution of income and wealth, problems in the marketing structure of agricultural products, including the inefficiency of the marketing network, quantitative and qualitative waste, weak circulation of information along the chain, and weak supply and financial circulation in the marketing chain and network.

The cluster development method is one of the successful developing methods in agricultural industries section and small industries, which is based on communication and creation cooperation network between cluster beneficiaries by increasing the social capital. In this research the data were collected by using census two stage survey from olive industrial units in mentioned geographical zone(North Iran) in 2007. The results of this research showed that the social capital in some of beneficiaries groups is weak and brittle, but because of their statements there is background of cooperation and increase of their social capital. After recognition and strengthening the effective factors on increase of social capital, can prepare the background for developing of new connective and informative technologies. Naturally economic discompetition of units, diseconomies of scale, negative competition in industry and the other problems which are investigated in the olive industrial cluster is resulting from the lack of information and connection between cluster actives. The aim of industrial cluster method is increasing the cooperation network between cluster members by increasing the communication and information which by increase in using information and communication technology will fallow social capital and then industrial cluster development method.