Ecological restoration is an important strategy for mitigating environmental degradation, and the effectiveness evaluation of ecological restoration is of profound significance for the scientific implementation of restoration projects. This study improved the Patch-generating Land Use Simulation (PLUS) model. It was used to simulate the land use patterns under multi-scenarios such as natural development (ND), economic priority (EP), and ecological restoration (ER) in 2030. An evaluation framework covering ecological “Restoration–Monitoring–Effectiveness” (RME) was proposed. Based on 30 m high-resolution remote-sensing data from 2000 to 2020, the land use distribution, landscape pattern changes, and ecosystem services under different scenarios were evaluated and predicted in the Yellow River Basin of Sichuan to verify the effectiveness of the evaluation framework. The results showed the following: (1) Under the ER scenario, the transfer of land use types in 2020–2030 was mainly characterized by an increase in the area of wetlands and a decrease in the area of built-up land. (2) There were obvious differences in land use and landscape patterns under different scenarios. Compared with the ND and EP scenarios, the growth of the construction rate was suppressed in the ER scenario, and the coverage of grassland and wetlands increased significantly. (3) The mean values of ecosystem services in the ER scenario were higher than those in the ND and EP scenarios. These findings clearly indicate that the RME evaluation system can accurately evaluate the ecological restoration effects under multi-scenarios in the future, providing a new perspective for ecological restoration evaluation in other regions.

Geomorphic setting and seasonal variation shape benthic macroinvertebrate communities, but their effects on community patterns and assembly processes remain unclear. We surveyed 49 sites across seven Sichuan rivers during spring and autumn 2025. Reaches were classified as Mountain, Hilly, or Plain. Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA), random forest models, a neutral community model (NCM), and the modified stochasticity ratio (MST) examined community patterns, predictors, and assembly processes. Diptera had high relative abundances in Mountain and Hilly reaches in spring, whereas the proportion of Ephemeroptera increased across reach types in autumn. Taxa richness and Shannon and Margalef indices were higher in Hilly and Plain reaches. Community composition differed significantly among reach types, with reach type explaining 10.3% and 11.4% of variation in spring and autumn, respectively. For Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera (EPT) richness, random forest models ranked dissolved oxygen, channel width, elevation, and ammonia nitrogen highly in spring, and the permanganate index, dissolved oxygen, and flow velocity highly in autumn. NCM fit and Nm were higher in spring and Plain reaches. Mean MST values below 0.5 suggested deterministic dominance, with the highest estimated deterministic contribution in Mountain reaches (80.97%). These findings highlight seasonal differences in benthic responses to environmental gradients and potential stressors and may inform river bioassessment that accounts for geomorphic and seasonal context.