This study aimed to explore knowledge, attitude, perceptions, and willingness regarding vaccination among university students in Pakistan. This cross-sectional study was carried out using an open online self-administered survey via Google Forms. The survey data were collected between the 15 to 30 of October 2022. A total of 946 respondents participated in the study, of which the majority were female (514, 54.3%). Most students belonged to a medical background, specifically pharmaceutical sciences. Most of the respondents did not know about monkeypox before 2022 (646, 68.3%). Regarding overall knowledge of monkeypox, most of the respondents had average knowledge (726, 76.7%), with very few having good knowledge (60, 6.3%). Regarding overall attitudes towards monkeypox, most of the respondents had neutral attitudes (648, 68.5%). There was a significant association between knowledge of Monkeypox with the type of academic degree (p < 0.001), type of discipline (p < 0.001), and region of respondents (p < 0.001). The willingness to vaccinate among the population was (67.7%). The current study pointed out that the overall knowledge of monkeypox was average in most respondents, with considerable knowledge gaps in most aspects. The overall attitude towards monkeypox was neutral. Further, the knowledge about monkeypox was strongly associated with academic degree, study discipline, and region of respondents. Our findings emphasize the need to raise public awareness by educating students on the monkeypox virus. This will improve adherence to preventative recommendations.

Background and objective: Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) cause substantial harm, and a considerable proportion may be preventable, but under-reporting persists and weakens pharmacovigilance. Spontaneous reporting depends on clinicians, yet under-reporting persists and weakens pharmacovigilance. To map barriers to adverse drug reaction reporting among physicians, a comparison of nurses and pharmacists in single-country studies was carried out between high-income countries (HICs) and low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Methods: A scoping review was conducted following PRISMA-ScR guidance. PubMed and Web of Science were searched for studies published from 2016 onward. Eligible studies were single-country primary empirical studies including physicians, nurses, or pharmacists and examining ADR reporting. Only barriers that were measured or explicitly explored and reported as extractable results were included. Barriers were coded into 12 domains and summarised by income group and profession. Results: A total of 44 studies were included, with 18 from HICs and 26 from LMICs. Survey designs were most common. Pharmacists were the most frequently studied cadre. Knowledge and training barriers were reported in all studies in both income groups. Fear of legal or punitive concerns was reported in 13/18 (72.2%) HIC studies and 17/26 (65.4%) LMIC studies. Time and workload barriers were reported in 10/18 (55.6%) HIC studies and 11/26 (42.3%) LMIC studies. Access barriers to tools, forms, and information technology showed the clearest income group difference: these were reported in 5/18 (27.8%) HIC studies versus 16/26 (61.5%) LMIC studies. Lack of feedback or acknowledgement was reported in 8/18 (44.4%) HIC studies and 10/26 (38.5%) LMIC studies. Conclusions: Barriers extend beyond individual knowledge in all settings. The main income group difference was the greater prominence of reporting system access barriers in LMICs compared with workflow and time pressure barriers in HICs. Addressing fear and building a supportive non-punitive reporting culture remains a cross-cutting priority because these were common issues in both income groups and can limit reporting even when infrastructure and training exist.

The modern age of professional competition and the post-COVID-19 situation led to the birth of stressful life. The lifestyle of medical practitioners becomes hectic and disturbing, affecting not only their profession but also their personal lives. This study identifies the factors like Role Overload & Responsibility (ROR), Lifestyle Variations (LV), Family Disruptions (FD), and Stringent Working Conditions (SWC) affecting the occupational performance of doctors. This was exploratory research that identified and validated antecedent work stress factors for the occupational performance of medical professionals in the national capital region. The factors were measured through a self-adapted questionnaire based on the five-point Likert scale. The validation of the factors was verified through the hypothesized model by using structural equation modeling (SEM) on their occupational performance. The study identifies that ROR and SWC affect the National Capital Region (NCR) medical practitioners' occupational performance. Moreover, this study has specific implications for medical professionals and provides the theoretical and practical basis for health issues during the job that severely impacts the employees' personal and professional lives. This study decodes the work stress buster factors that manipulated the effective occupational performance of the employees.