The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of heat waves on the evolution of bud dormancy, in apple trees with contrasting chilling requirements. Twigs of 'Castel Gala' and 'Royal Gala' were collected in orchards in Papanduva, state of Santa Catarina, Brazil, and were exposed to constant (3°C) or alternating (3 and 15°C for 12/12 hours) temperature, combined with zero, one or two days a week at 25°C. Two additional treatments were evaluated: constant temperature (3°C), with a heat wave of seven days at 25°C, in the beginning or in the middle of the experimental period. Periodically, part of the twigs was transferred to 25°C for daily budburst evaluation of apical and lateral buds. Endodormancy (dormancy induced by cold) was overcome with less than 330 chilling hours (CH) of constant cold in 'Castel Gala' and less than 618 CH in 'Royal Gala'. A daily 15°C-temperature cycle did not affect the endodormancy process. Heat waves during endodormancy resulted in an increased CH to achieve bud requirements. The negative effect of high temperature depended on the lasting of this condition. Chilling was partly cancelled during dormancy when the heat wave lasted 36 continuous hours or more. Therefore, budburst prediction models need adjustments, mainly for regions with mild and irregular winters, such as those of Southern Brazil.
O cultivo protegido na cultura da videira apresenta-se como uma alternativa na diminuição da incidência de doenças fúngicas em regiões que apresentam excesso de chuvas no período da maturação. A utilização de cobertura plástica sobre as fileiras de plantas ocasiona modificações no microclima junto às videiras. Essas alterações propiciam condições favoráveis ao crescimento e incremento da produtividade. Todavia, desfavorecem o desenvolvimento de doenças fúngicas, como as podridões de cachos, que atualmente é um dos maiores problemas no controle fitossanitário na "Serra Gaúcha", reduzindo a necessidade de fungicidas. O uso de fungicidas nessas condições merece muita cautela, devido à redução de radiação ultravioleta e ausência de chuvas sobre os cachos, pelo uso da cobertura plástica, que prolonga o período residual dos fungicidas. O maior acúmulo e a persistência são preocupantes, tanto nas uvas destinadas ao consumo in natura, que afeta diretamente o consumidor, quanto nas destinadas à vinificação, em que prejudica a atuação das leveduras na fermentação dos vinhos. De forma geral, a tecnologia de cobrir os vinhedos com filmes plásticos é eficaz no controle de doenças e na redução do uso de fungicidas. Contudo, deve ser considerada como um novo sistema de produção, principalmente por exigir um manejo fitossanitário distinto em relação ao cultivo convencional.
1 January 2020 in Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura
Seeking a less toxic alternative to budburst management than hydrogen cyanamide, doses of the mineral-organic product Erger® were tested in combination with calcium nitrate (Ca(NO3)2). The experiment was conducted in Santana do Livramento, southern Brazil, during the 2013/14 and 2014/15 growth cycles, in a ‘Merlot’ vineyard conducted in a vertical trellis system, pruned in double Guyot, with SO4 rootstock. Treatments were: Control (unsprayed); 5.0% Ca(NO3)2; 2.5% Erger® + 5.0% Ca(NO3)2; 5.0% Erger® + 5.0% Ca(NO3)2; 7.5% Erger® + 5.0% Ca(NO3)2; 3.5% Dormex® (positive control). All Erger® treatments stimulated budbreak, increasing budburst from 68% (unsprayed and calcium nitrate means) to 83% (Erger® means) in the first cycle and from 85% to 96% in the second one, with no difference among doses. Plants treated with Dormex® had budburst similar to Erger® in the first cycle (85%), but budburst in the second cycle was only 72%, possibly due to burned buds. Therefore, Erger®, in concentrations of 2.5% or more with 5% calcium nitrate, may be a promising alternative to induce budburst in regions with restrictions in cold availability.