NSCLC is a very aggressive solid tumor, with a poor prognosis due to post-surgical recurrence. Analysis of the specific tumor and immune signatures of NSCLC samples is a critical step in prognostic evaluation and management decisions for patients after surgery. Routine histological assays have some limitations. Therefore, new diagnostic tools with the capability to quickly recognize NSCLC subtypes and correctly identify various markers are needed. We developed a technique for ex vivo isolation of cancer and immune cells from surgical tumor and lung tissue samples of patients with NSCLC (adenocarcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas) and their examination on ex vivo cell preparations and, parallelly, on histological sections after Romanovsky–Giemsa and immunofluorescent/immunochemical staining for cancer-specific and immune-related markers. As a result, PD-L1 expression was detected for some patients only by ex vivo analysis. Immune cell profiling in the tumor microenvironment revealed significant differences in the immunological landscapes between the patients’ tumors, with smokers’ macrophages with simultaneous expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, neutrophils, and eosinophils being the dominant populations. The proposed ex vivo analysis may be used as an additional diagnostic tool for quick examination of cancer and immune cells in whole tumor samples and to avoid false negatives in histological assays.

Инфекции, передаваемые половым путем (ИППП), приводят к увеличению случаев заболеваний репродуктивной системы, а также к формированию антибиотикорезистентности, оказывают влияние не только на личное, но и на общественное здоровье, являются проблемой, для решения которой наиболее эффективным вариантом была бы вакцинация. Но попытки создать вакцины против большинства заболеваний этой группы пока не были успешны. Клинические исследования антихламидийной CTH522 и противогерпетической HSV529 вакцин проведены для применения их у человека. Существует субъединичная вакцина против трихомонад, которую применяют в ветеринарной практике. В истории создания вакцин против ИППП последовательно переходят от применения цельномикробных или цельновирионных живых вакцин к ослабленным штаммам (аттенуированные вакцины) и затем к созданию иммунного ответа организма на вводимый антиген возбудителя, усиленного с помощью адъюванта, и генно-инженерных вакцин. Существуют также терапевтические и профилактические вакцины. Терапевтические вакцины минимизируют тяжесть заболевания и/или предупреждают развитие его рецидивов у уже инфицированных лиц. Профилактические вакцины нацелены на предотвращение заражения. Приведена краткая историческая информация и освещено состояние проблемы создания вакцин против сифилиса, гонореи, трихомониаза, хламидиоза и простого герпеса.

NSCLC is a very aggressive solid tumor, with a poor prognosis due to post-surgical recurrence. Analysis of the specific tumor and immune signatures of NSCLC samples is a critical step in prognostic evaluation and management decisions for patients after surgery. Routine histological assay has some limitations. Therefore, new diagnostic tools with the capability to quickly recognize NSCLC subtypes and correctly identify various markers are needed. We developed a technique for ex vivo expansion of cancer and immune cells from surgical tumor and lung tissue samples of patients with NSCLC (adenocarcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas) and their examination on ex vivo cell preparations and, parallelly, on histological sections after Romanovsky–Giemsa and immunofluorescent/immunochemical staining for cancer-specific and immune-related markers. As a result, PD-L1 expression was detected for some patients only by ex vivo analysis. Immune cell profiling in the tumor microenvironment revealed significant differences in the immunological landscapes between the patients’ tumors, with smokers’ macrophages with simultaneous expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, neutrophils, and eosinophils being the dominant populations. The proposed ex vivo analysis may be used as an additional diagnostic tool for quick examining cancer and immune cells in whole tumor samples and avoiding false negatives in histological assays.

This article presents a clinical case of treatment of a female patient with Ewing Sarcoma of the kidney. Currently, treatment standards haven’t yet been developed due to the rarity of this pathology. We describe our own experience of drug treatment of Ewing sarcoma of the kidney recurrence after surgery.