Purpose: To evaluate leaflets on cataract surgery produced by 7 common free chatbots. Setting: UK-based ophthalmologists carrying out online research. Design: Data were collected from the responses of 7 freely available online chatbots. Methods: Analysis of answers given by 7 chatbots (Bing AI, chatGPT 3.5, chatGPT 4o, ChatSonic, Google Bard, Perplexity, and Pi) was prompted to “make a patient information leaflet on cataract surgery.” Answers were evaluated using the DISCERN instrument, Patient Education Materials Assessment Tool (PEMAT), presence of misinformation, the Flesch-Kincaid Grade level readability score, and material reliability. Results: The highest overall scored response was from ChatSonic, followed by Bing AI and then Perplexity. The lowest scoring was ChatGPT 3.5. ChatSonic achieved the highest DISCERN and PEMAT scores, and had the highest Flesch-Kincaid Grade level. The lowest DISCERN and PEMAT scores were for Pi. Only ChatGPT 3.5 included some misinformation in its response. Bing AI, ChatSonic, and Perplexity included reliable references; the other chatbots provided no references. Conclusions: This study demonstrates a range of answers given by chatbots creating a cataract surgery leaflet, suggesting variation in their development and reliability. ChatGPT 3.5 scored the most poorly. However, ChatSonic indicated promise in how technology may be used to assist information giving in ophthalmology.

The cornea relies on a healthy endothelium to maintain transparency, and damage to endothelial cells can result in corneal oedema and vision loss. Current treatments, which often involve the use of donor corneas, face significant limitations due to a shortage of donor tissue. Although human corneal endothelial cells (HCECs) can be cultured and transplanted, their low attachment rates limit the effectiveness of these treatments. In this review, we examined studies that explore the use of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) to enhance the attachment of HCECs to the cornea. We evaluated the effectiveness, cell viability, and safety of this approach. Findings indicate that MNPs facilitate the targeted delivery of HCECs under a magnetic field, resulting in improved corneal clarity and reduced oedema in animal models. Cell viability remained high, and no significant safety concerns were identified. MNPs present a promising strategy to enhance HCEC transplantation. However, further research, including ongoing clinical trials, is necessary to confirm the safety and efficacy of this approach before it can be adopted for widespread clinical use.

Adenylyl cyclases (ACs) are a group of enzymes that convert adenosine-5′-triphosphate (ATP) to cyclic adenosine 3′,5′ monophosphate (cAMP), a vital and ubiquitous signalling molecule in cellular responses to hormones and neurotransmitters. There are nine transmembrane (tmAC) forms, which have been widely studied; however, the tenth, soluble AC (sAC) is less extensively characterised. The eye is one of the most metabolically active sites in the body, where sAC has been found in abundance, making it a target for novel therapeutics and biomarking. In the cornea, AC plays a role in endothelial cell function, which is vital in maintaining stromal dehydration, and therefore, clarity. In the retina, AC has been implicated in axon cell growth and survival. As these cells are irreversibly damaged in glaucoma and injury, this molecule may provide focus for future therapies. Another potential area for glaucoma management is the source of aqueous humour production, the ciliary body, where AC has also been identified. Furthering the understanding of lacrimal gland function is vital in managing dry eye disease, a common and debilitating condition. sAC has been linked to tear production and could serve as a therapeutic target. Overall, ACs are an exciting area of study in ocular health, offering multiple avenues for future medical therapies and diagnostics. This review paper explores the diverse roles of ACs in the eye and their potential as targets for innovative treatments.