Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) was used to investigate the impact of silver nanoparticles (SNP), multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT), and polyamidoamine dendrimers (PAMAM) used in concentration of 10¹⁰ particle/mL. Population-based observations and gene expression analysis were employed in this study. SNP and PAMAM caused decrease in the number of live nematodes and their body length, but MWCNT did not affect the population of nematodes. Gene expression analysis revealed significant changes caused by the presence of all studied nanomaterials, and the results strongly suggest a specific metabolic response of the nematode organism to exposure to various nanomaterials. It was shown that C. elegans is a very sensitive organism capable to respond specifically to the exposure to some nanomaterials and therefore could be considered as a possible biosensor for early warning of presence of some nanoparticles.

Since the turn of the century, we have witnessed an extremely intensive development of biotechnology and nanotechnology, which, in terms of intensity can only be compared to the development of information technology and the resulting emergence of artificial intelligence. In the present review, we deliberately omit the development of information technology and artificial intelligence. Instead, our interest is focused on bionanomaterials and nanobiomaterials, their production and applications, and, in particular, the different meanings of these terms. We adopted an analysis of the literature published between January 2000 and May 2025, available in PubMed. The database was searched for selected areas: types (origin, structure, and function), manufacturing methods (chemical, physicochemical, and biological), and applications (medicine/pharmacy, textile technology, cosmetology, and agriculture/environment). Our findings revealed a significant increase in the number of publications for both terms, with nanobiomaterials predominating. The authors of the publications included in PubMed clearly outline the separation of meanings of both concepts, despite the lack of normative regulations in this regard. Nanoparticles are the most commonly represented type in the use of both terms, and drug delivery is a dominant application. However, it is worth noting the lack of nanobiomaterials in the agricultural/environmental application categories. Despite the enormous similarity between the terms “nanobiomaterials” and “bionanomaterials,” both in terms of nomenclature and application, there is a significant difference resulting from the manufacturing technologies and applications used. The term “nanobiomaterials” should be assigned only to biomaterials, in accordance with the definition of a biomaterial, regardless of their manufacturing technology, while the term “bionanomaterials” should be applied to all products of bionanotechnology, excluding products used as biomaterials.

The corrosion phenomenon can cause negative allergic and cytotoxic reactions in the human body, inflammation, and, in the future, the development of cancer. Their sources may be corrosion products, metal ions released during the corrosion process, and galvanic currents that penetrate the surrounding tissues. In order to avoid the negative effects of using metal alloys, their surface can be modified by applying coatings. The aim of this study is to determine and compare the amount of ion release from Si(C,N) coatings with varying carbon and nitrogen contents, as well as from the uncoated substrate alloy (Group A) in various aqueous environments. Si(C,N) coatings were applied to the surface of the prosthetic alloy. Si(C,N) coatings with different carbon and nitrogen contents were deposited using the reactive magnetron sputtering (RMS) method. The research included determining the amount of ions released into the environment: distilled water, 0.9% NaCl and artificial saliva. Assessments were made at 10, 30 and 90 days. All tested Si(C,N) coatings significantly limit the amount of metal ions in the surrounding medium. Due to the lack of statistically significant differences in the number of ions released by individual coatings, when selecting them, other properties related to the operating conditions of the elements should also be taken into account.