Intracellular assemblies play vital roles in maintaining cellular functions through structural recognition‐mediated interactions. The introduction of artificial structures has garnered substantial interest in modulating cellular functions via activation/inhibition interactions with biomacromolecules. However, the cellular uptake of these high‐molecular‐weight structures may limit their performance. Recently, intracellular chemical‐reaction‐induced self‐assembly has emerged as a promising strategy for generating in situ nanostructures with biofunctionalities for interacting with biomacromolecules. This approach addresses the challenge of synthetic reactions occurring in complex intracellular environments by utilizing diverse chemical reactions that respond to endogenous and exogenous stimuli. This review provides an overview of the latest advancements in intracellular chemical‐reaction‐induced self‐assembly techniques. It focuses on their responsiveness to specific endogenous conditions, such as redox environments and overexpressed enzymes. Additionally, the initiation of chemical reactions through exogenous stimuli, including chemical reagents and irradiation is explored. Polymerization‐induced hydrophobicity is highlighted, leading to self‐assembly into micro‐/nanostructures. These processes contribute to the in situ construction of synthetic materials with diverse morphologies, offering versatile functionalities for biological applications.

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have emerged as versatile nanoplatforms for cancer drug delivery owing to their exceptionally high porosity, tunable pore architecture, modular composition, and flexible surface chemistry. In particular, zirconium-based MOFs (Zr-MOFs) have gained considerable attention owing to their good chemical stability, favorable biocompatibility, and ease of functional modification through coordination interactions. These attributes enable precise control over drug loading, surface functionalization, and stimulus-triggered release behavior. Recent advances in stimuli-responsive Zr-MOFs have enabled precise and tumor-selective drug delivery by utilizing intrinsic features of the tumor microenvironment (TME), such as acidic pH, redox gradients, elevated ATP levels, abnormal enzyme activity, and ionic variations, along with externally applied triggers, including light, heat, and ultrasound. This review presents a comprehensive and systematic overview of endogenous, exogenous, and multistimuli-responsive Zr-MOF nanoplatforms for targeted cancer drug delivery. We discuss key Zr-MOF structural families, design strategies for stimulus-responsive behavior, and the underlying structure-stimulus-function relationships that govern therapeutic performance. Representative examples are critically analyzed with respect to drug loading capacity, release mechanisms, targeting strategies, and in vitro and in vivo anticancer efficacy. Additionally, current limitations, including biosafety concerns, degradation behavior, tumor heterogeneity, and barriers to clinical translation, are addressed. Finally, future perspectives are outlined to support the rational development of next-generation Zr-MOF-based nanomedicines with improved precision, controllability, and clinical applicability.

Organic fluorescent probes have attracted attention for bioimaging due to their advantages, including high sensitivity, biocompatibility, and multi-functionality. However, some limitations related to low signal-to-background ratio and false positive and negative signals make them difficult for in situ target detection. Recently, organelle targeting self-assembled fluorescent probes have been studied to meet this demand. Most of the dye molecules suffer from a quenching effect, but, specifically, some dyes like Pyrene, Near-Infrared (NIR), Nitrobenzoxadiazole (NBD), Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), Naphthalenediimides (NDI), and Aggregation induced emission (AIE) show unique characteristics when they undergo self-assembly or aggregation. Therefore, in this review, we classified the molecules according to the dye type and provided an overview of the organelle-targeting strategy with an emphasis on the construction of fluorescent nanostructures within complex cellular environments. Results demonstrated that fluorescent probes effectively target and localized inside the organelles (mitochondria, lysosome, and golgi body) and undergo self-assembly to form various nanostructures that possess bio-functionality with long retention time, organelles membrane disruption/ROS generation/enzyme activity suppression ability, and enhanced photodynamic properties for anticancer treatment. Furthermore, we systematically discussed the challenges that remain to be resolved for the high performance of these probes and mentioned some of the future directions for the design of molecules.

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is essential for protein folding, lipid metabolism, calcium homeostasis, and cellular stress signaling. Cancer cells endure chronic ER stress from elevated metabolic demands and oxidative conditions, adapting ER pathways to evade apoptosis, while promoting growth, survival, and drug resistance. This dysregulated ER state presents a strategic therapeutic target. Self-assembled nanomaterials provide precise ER localization, significantly enhancing treatment efficacy while reducing systemic toxicity. This review details recent advances in their design for ER-targeted cancer therapy, focusing on in situ assembly (stimulus-driven intracellular formation) and preassembled nanostructures constructed from peptides, polymers, and small molecules. Therapeutic applications encompass chemotherapy, photodynamic therapy, bioimaging, immunotherapy, and nanovaccines. Key challenges to clinical translation─including in vivo delivery efficiency, targeting specificity, and regulatory requirements─are thoroughly examined, alongside promising directions in programmable, multiorganelle-targeting, and bioresponsive nanomedicines. By integration of self-assembly principles with ER stress biology, these platforms establish a robust foundation for precise, patient-tailored cancer therapies.

Methyl 3-acetyl-2-oxo-2H-chromene-6-carboxylate, the title compound was synthesised and characterised by IR, ¹H NMR, and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy. In addition, molecular geometry, frontier molecular orbitals, electrostatic potential (ESP), contours, vibrational frequencies (IR), NMR chemical shifts (gauge-invariant atomic orbital’s method, GIAOs), and thermodynamic properties of this compound were calculated using density functional theory (DFT) with a B3LYP/6–31G (d, p) basis set in vacuum and in solvents such as chloroform, dichloromethane, and ethanol. It was found that the theoretical data from the DFT calculation show good agreement with the experimental values. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT