The objective of this review is to identify the microbiological alterations caused by various therapy modalities by critically analyzing the current findings. We limited our search to English-language papers published between 1 January 2004 and 7 May 2024 in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science that were relevant to our topic. In the search approach, the Boolean keywords “microbio*” AND “periodontitis” were used. A total of 5152 papers were obtained from the databases Web of Science (2205), PubMed (1793), and Scopus (1154). This resulted in 3266 articles after eliminating duplicates (1886), and 1411 entries were eliminated after their titles and abstracts were examined. The qualitative analysis of the 22 final articles is included in this study. Research on periodontal disease shows that periodontitis alters the oral microbiome and increases antibiotic resistance. Treatments like scaling and root planing (SRP), especially when combined with minocycline, improve clinical outcomes by reducing harmful bacteria. Comprehensive mechanical debridement with antibiotics, probiotics, EMD with bone grafts, and other adjunctive therapies enhances periodontal health. Personalized treatment strategies and advanced microbial analyses are crucial for effective periodontal management and antibiotic resistance control.

Background: Autologous tooth-derived grafts have recently gained attention as an innovative alternative to conventional biomaterials for alveolar ridge preservation (ARP) and augmentation (ARA). Their structural similarity to bone and osteoinductive potential support clinical use. Methods: This systematic review was conducted according to PRISMA 2020 guidelines and registered in PROSPERO (CRD420251108128). A comprehensive search was performed in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science (2010–2025). Randomized controlled trials (RCTs), split-mouth, and prospective clinical studies evaluating autologous dentin-derived grafts were included. Two reviewers independently extracted data and assessed risk of bias using Cochrane RoB 2.0 (for RCTs) and ROBINS-I (for non-randomized studies). Results: Nine studies involving 321 patients were included. Autologous dentin grafts effectively preserved ridge dimensions, with horizontal and vertical bone loss significantly reduced compared to controls. Histomorphometric analyses reported 42–56% new bone formation within 4–6 months, with minimal residual graft particles and favorable vascularization. Implant survival ranged from 96–100%, with stable marginal bone levels and no major complications. Conclusions: Autologous tooth-derived biomaterials represent a safe, biologically active, and cost-effective option for alveolar bone regeneration, showing comparable or superior results to xenografts and autologous bone. Further standardized, long-term RCTs are warranted to confirm their role in clinical practice.

Gingivitis is a common and reversible inflammatory condition caused by dental plaque accumulation, which, if left untreated, can progress to periodontitis. Conventional oral care products like chlorhexidine (CHX) and fluoride are effective in plaque control but are often associated with adverse effects such as dental staining and mucosal irritation. This systematic review aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of natural versus conventional toothpastes and mouthwashes in managing plaque-induced gingivitis. The review followed PRISMA guidelines and was registered in PROSPERO (No. 1008296). A systematic search was conducted across PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus for English-language clinical studies published between 2015 and 2025. Eligible studies included randomized controlled trials and clinical trials on human subjects with plaque-induced gingivitis. Exclusion criteria were studies on animals, in vitro experiments, review articles, and studies lacking control groups. Data extracted included intervention type, sample characteristics, clinical indices (PI, GI, SBI), inflammatory biomarkers, adverse events, and patient adherence. A narrative synthesis was conducted due to study heterogeneity. Fifteen studies were included. Natural products such as neem, green tea, aloe vera, and propolis demonstrated comparable effectiveness to CHX and fluoride in reducing gingival inflammation and plaque indices, with a lower incidence of side effects. In particular, natural formulations showed superior tolerability and better patient compliance, especially in long-term use. However, variability in concentration and the formulation of natural products limits their clinical standardization. In conclusion, natural oral care products appear to be effective and better-tolerated alternatives to conventional agents in managing gingivitis. Nonetheless, further long-term, standardized clinical trials are needed to confirm their efficacy and define optimal formulations.

Background: The increasing use of electronic cigarettes and heated tobacco products has raised concerns regarding their potential effects on periodontal health. The objective of this systematic review was to assess the impact of these alternative nicotine delivery systems on periodontal inflammation, oral microbiota, and outcomes of non-surgical periodontal therapy. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus, in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. Results: The findings indicate that although electronic cigarettes and heated tobacco products may reduce exposure to certain harmful constituents compared with conventional cigarettes, they are not free of adverse effects. Their use has been associated with increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, reduced anti-inflammatory mediators, delayed periodontal healing, and alterations in oral microbiota composition, which may contribute to the progression of periodontal disease. These biological changes may negatively influence the response to non-surgical periodontal therapy. Discussion: From a clinical perspective, individuals using electronic cigarettes or heated tobacco products tend to exhibit less favorable treatment outcomes, often comparable to those observed in conventional cigarette smokers. Despite being promoted as harm-reduction alternatives, current evidence suggests that electronic cigarettes and heated tobacco products still pose significant risks to periodontal tissues. Overall, the available biological and clinical evidence supports the need for further investigation into the underlying mechanisms of tissue damage and reinforces the importance of promoting complete smoking cessation, including avoidance of electronic cigarettes and heated tobacco products, to preserve long-term oral health.