The pursuit of groundbreaking health care innovations has led to the convergence of artificial intelligence (AI) and traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), thus marking a new frontier that demonstrates the promise of combining the advantages of ancient healing practices with cutting-edge advancements in modern technology. TCM, which is a holistic medical system with >2000 years of empirical support, uses unique diagnostic methods such as inspection, auscultation and olfaction, inquiry, and palpation. AI is the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially via computer systems. TCM is experience oriented, holistic, and subjective, and its combination with AI has beneficial effects, which presumably arises from the perspectives of diagnostic accuracy, treatment efficacy, and prognostic veracity. The role of AI in TCM is highlighted by its use in diagnostics, with machine learning enhancing the precision of treatment through complex pattern recognition. This is exemplified by the greater accuracy of TCM syndrome differentiation via tongue images that are analyzed by AI. However, integrating AI into TCM also presents multifaceted challenges, such as data quality and ethical issues; thus, a unified strategy, such as the use of standardized data sets, is required to improve AI understanding and application of TCM principles. The evolution of TCM through the integration of AI is a key factor for elucidating new horizons in health care. As research continues to evolve, it is imperative that technologists and TCM practitioners collaborate to drive innovative solutions that push the boundaries of medical science and honor the profound legacy of TCM. We can chart a future course wherein AI-augmented TCM practices contribute to more systematic, effective, and accessible health care systems for all individuals.

Background. Wushenziye formula (WSZYF) is an effective traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Aim. This study aimed to identify the effects and underlying mechanisms of WSZYF on improving skeletal muscle insulin resistance in T2DM. Methods. An animal model of T2DM was induced by Goto‐Kakizaki diabetes prone rats fed with high fat and sugar for 4 weeks. Insulin resistance model was induced in skeletal muscle cell. Results. In vivo, WSZYF improved general conditions and decreased significantly fasting blood glucose, glycosylated serum protein, glycosylated hemoglobin, insulin concentration, and insulin resistance index of T2DM rats. In vitro, WSZYF enhanced glucose consumption in insulin resistance model of skeletal muscle cell. Furthermore, WSZYF affected the expressions of molecules in regulating T2DM, including increasing the expressions of p‐IRS1, p‐Akt, and GLUT4, reducing PTP1B expression. Conclusion. These findings displayed the potential of WSZYF as a new drug candidate in the treatment of T2DM and the antidiabetic mechanism of WSZYF is probably mediated through modulating the PTP1B‐IRS1‐Akt‐GLUT4 signaling pathway.

Background. Spleen‐Kidney Supplementing Formula (SKSF), composed of 6 raw Chinese herbs and proposed based on the therapeutic principle of supplementing spleen‐kidney and clearing the extra heat of stomach‐lung, is effective in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Aim. This study aims to investigate the mechanism of SKSF to alleviate renal fibrosis in diabetic rats. Methods. T2DM model was induced by high‐fat diet and multiple injections of low‐dose streptozotocin. After 8‐week intervention, samples were collected for detection. Results. SKSF decreased fasting blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin A1c, blood urea nitrogen, uric acid, urea, 24‐hour urine protein, and KW/BW ratio, while it increased creatinine clearance rate of T2DM rats. Meanwhile, SKSF attenuated the renal fibrosis and improved the morphology and structure of renal tissue. Furthermore, SKSF significantly reduced the expression level of plasma miR‐21 and TGF‐β1 protein level and increased PTEN protein level. Conclusion. SKSF could attenuate the renal damage and renal fibrosis induced in T2DM, which may be related to its regulation on the expressions of TGF‐β1, PTEN, and miR‐21.

Background. Wushenziye formula (WSZYF), composed of Radix Polygoni Multiflori Preparata, Mori fructus, Mori folium, and Cassiae semen, is effective in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Aim. In this study, we aimed to explore the effects and the underlying mechanisms of WSZYF on inhibiting pancreatic β cell apoptosis and improving insulin resistance (IR) in T2DM. Methods. A T2DM model was induced by Goto‐Kakizaki diabetes prone rats. Cell apoptosis model was induced in MIN6 cells. Results. In vivo, WSZYF decreased fasting blood glucose (FBG), insulin concentration, insulin resistance index, triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and free fatty acids (FFA) in T2DM rats. Meanwhile, WSZYF ameliorated impairments in the morphology and structure of pancreatic tissues. In vitro, WSZYF enhanced cell viability and promoted insulin secretion in the apoptosis model of MIN6 cells. Furthermore, WSZYF modulated the expressions of apoptosis‐related molecules by increasing the expressions of MEK1/2, p‐MEK1/2, ERK1/2, and p‐ERK1/2 and decreasing the cleaved‐caspase‐3 expression. Conclusion. These findings indicate that WSZYF may become a new drug candidate in the treatment of T2DM and its antidiabetic mechanism is probably inhibiting pancreatic β cell apoptosis by modulating the MEK‐ERK‐Caspase‐3 signaling pathway.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of Modified Sanzi Yangqin Decoction on tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS‐1) in skeletal muscle of type 2 diabetic rats. The rat model of type 2 diabetes was induced by high‐fat diet and multiple low‐dose streptozotocin injections. Diabetic model rats were randomly divided into 5 groups: the model control group, the metformin group, and Modified Sanzi Yangqin Decoction groups of low, medium, and high doses. OGTT was conducted every two weeks during treatment period. At the end of the treatment, the fasting blood glucose (FBG) level and the fasting C‐peptide level were measured to calculate insulin resistance index. The levels of IRS‐1, p‐IRS‐1^(Tyr895), and protein tyrosine phosphates 1B (PTP1B) in skeletal muscle were also measured. Modified Sanzi Yangqin Decoction significantly reduced the FBG level, increased the fasting C‐peptide level, and lowered the insulin resistance index in type 2 diabetic rats. It also significantly increased the protein level of p‐IRS‐1^(Tyr895) and reduced the PTP1B protein level in skeletal muscle of type 2 diabetic rats. Modified Sanzi Yangqin Decoction increases tyrosine phosphorylation of IRS‐1 in skeletal muscle of type 2 diabetic rats, which results from the increase of p‐IRS‐1^(Tyr895) protein and is related to the suppression of PTP1B protein.

C₂₁H₂₀N₄O₂, triclinic, P 1 ‾ $\overline{1}$ (no. 2), a = 5.874(3) Å, b = 16.526(7) Å, c = 20.147(8) Å, α = 67.140(5)°, β = 83.287(6)°, γ = 86.910(6)°, V = 1789.7(14) ų, Z = 4, R_gt (F) = 0.0614, wR_ref (F ²) = 0.1675, T = 296 K.