Background/Objectives: Infertility is a reproductive disorder affecting approximately 10–15% of reproductive-age couples worldwide. Recent studies have suggested that miRNAs in follicular fluid may provide insights into reproductive potential and follicle health. This study evaluated the altered profile of miRNAs in the follicular fluid in patients undergoing IVF, considering the underlying etiology of infertility. Among our study participants, we identified four major underlying causes of infertility: polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), male factor infertility, and unexplained infertility (UI). Methods: This study aimed to assess whether these infertility diagnoses are associated with distinct follicular behaviors and to identify altered miRNA patterns linked to these conditions. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) was used to evaluate the impact of the altered miRNA signature on key biological processes. Results: The bioinformatics analysis of microarray data revealed altered miRNA patterns in FF for selected subgroups. Compared to healthy controls, 25 differentially expressed miRNAs were identified in PCOS (9 downregulated and 16 overexpressed), 21 in PID (15 downregulated and 6 overexpressed), and 34 in UI (24 downregulated and 10 overexpressed). These altered miRNA signatures indicate a complex interplay with essential signaling pathways, including hormonal regulation and tissue remodeling. Conclusions: Our analysis revealed key miRNAs that were differentially expressed across selected groups, indicating their potential as biomarkers for more accurate diagnosis and targeted treatment strategies. These findings provide valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying reproductive disorders and underscore the importance of further research to develop targeted interventions that can enhance patient outcomes.

Prostate cancer is one of the most common cancers affecting men, and finding better ways to detect and monitor it remains a top priority in oncology. In recent years, scientists have focused their attention on different classes of extracellular bodies, among them the small ones called exosomes. Exosomes are nanoscale extracellular vesicles (30–200 nm) released into body fluids, where they transport molecular cargo reflective of their cell of origin. Instead of serving as liquid biopsies themselves, exosomes present in accessible fluids such as plasma and urine can be analyzed as part of minimally invasive liquid biopsy strategies without the need for surgery or tissue sampling. In prostate cancer, exosomes are not just passive carriers: they actively influence how cancer grows, spreads, and responds to treatment. Exosomes can be extracted from simple fluid samples, opening the door to faster, safer, and more personalised approaches to diagnosis and care. Exosome content is analysed for the molecular profiling of tumours, including genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics. This has led to the discovery of new biomarkers that may help detect prostate cancer earlier, predict its aggressiveness, and monitor the effectiveness of treatment. This review synthesizes current multi-omics data on exosomal cargo in prostate cancer, highlighting diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic implications as well as existing challenges to clinical translation.