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Jingang Lai
RWTH Aachen University, 9165 Aachen, Germany, 52056

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Journal article
Published: 20 August 2021 in IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy
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Setting different electricity prices for different types of loads can effectively reduce the peak power consumption in microgrids (MGs). This paper proposes a category-specific pricing strategy for demand response program in dynamic MGs that can efficiently utilize renewable energy to achieve peak shaving and valley filling via establishing a Stackelberg game model. A state characteristic clustering (SCC) based non-intrusive load monitoring (NILM) scheme is first proposed, by which both the MG market operator (MMO) and users can access the detailed power consumptions of shiftable and non-shiftable loads. MMO then specifies detailed electricity prices dynamically based on user-side demand and satisfaction feedback, while users adjust their shiftable loads in a timely manner accordingly. Through solving the game optimization problem, the uniqueness and existence of the Stackelberg equilibrium is derived. Moreover, a distributed solution algorithm is presented to seek the unique equilibrium. Finally, a real residential power dataset is used to verify the effectiveness of the proposed category-specific pricing strategy. Numerical results show that the strategy reduces the peak-valley difference significantly, mitigates the power imbalance, and improves the utility of MG participators.

ACS Style

Ruotian Yao; Xiaoqing Lu; Hong Zhou; Jingang Lai. A Novel Category-Specific Pricing Strategy for Demand Response in Microgrids. IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy 2021, PP, 1 -1.

AMA Style

Ruotian Yao, Xiaoqing Lu, Hong Zhou, Jingang Lai. A Novel Category-Specific Pricing Strategy for Demand Response in Microgrids. IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy. 2021; PP (99):1-1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ruotian Yao; Xiaoqing Lu; Hong Zhou; Jingang Lai. 2021. "A Novel Category-Specific Pricing Strategy for Demand Response in Microgrids." IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy PP, no. 99: 1-1.

Journal article
Published: 13 August 2021 in IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications
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Heterogenous microgrids provide a promising solution for accommodating different distributed energy resources (DERs) and enhancing the system performance in terms of reliability, resilience, flexibility, and energy efficiency. With the penetration of microgrids, the cyber-enabled distributed control techniques are playing an increasingly important role in microgrids for coordinating a multitude of heterogeneous and spatially distributed DERs. To identify the influence of communication constraints on the reliability and stability operation of heterogenous microgrids, this survey presents a comprehensive review and comparison of cyber-enabled distributed control techniques for microgrid's secondary control layer. Local controls of an unavailable state signal are calculated in a distributed and cooperative matter according to merely invoked cyber messages. Then, the recent developments in the communication constraints of distributed controlled microgrids are discussed. Specifically, the communication constraints (e.g., time-varying network topology, communication delay, noise disturbance, limited communication bandwidth, uncertainties of communication links, cyber attacks) on the operation of the distributed controllers and the possible challenges are presented and compared. Finally, a short discussion section is contained to summarize the existing research and suggest some interesting research directions along with several open issues that are critical to further exploring the promising research area.

ACS Style

Xiaoqing Lu; Jingang Lai. Communication Constraints for Distributed Secondary Control of Heterogenous Microgrids: A Survey. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 2021, PP, 1 -1.

AMA Style

Xiaoqing Lu, Jingang Lai. Communication Constraints for Distributed Secondary Control of Heterogenous Microgrids: A Survey. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications. 2021; PP (99):1-1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xiaoqing Lu; Jingang Lai. 2021. "Communication Constraints for Distributed Secondary Control of Heterogenous Microgrids: A Survey." IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications PP, no. 99: 1-1.

Journal article
Published: 27 April 2021 in IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications
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Residential customers account for an indispensable part in the demand response (DR) program for their capability to provide flexibility when the system required. However, their available DR capacity has not been fully comprehended by the aggregator, who needs the information to bid accurately on behalf of the residential customers in the market transaction. To this end, this paper devised an optimal bidding strategy for the aggregator considering the bottom-up responsiveness of residential customers. Firstly, we attempt to establish the customers responsiveness function in relation to different incentives, during which a home energy management system (HEMS) is introduced to implement load adjustment for electrical appliances. Secondly, the functional relation is applied to the aggregators decision-making process to formulate the optimal bidding strategy in the day-ahead (DA) market and the optimal scheduling scheme for the energy storage system (ESS) with the aim to maximize its own revenue. Finally, the validity of the proposed method is verified using the dataset from the Pecan Street experiment in Austin. The obtained outcome demonstrates the practical rationality of the proposed method.

ACS Style

Xiaoxing Lu; Xinxin Ge; Kangping Li; Fei Wang; Hongtao Shen; Peng Tao; Junjie Hu; Jingang Lai; Zhao Zhen; Miadreza Shafie-Khah; Joao P. S. P. S. Catalao. Optimal Bidding Strategy of Demand Response Aggregator Based On Customers’ Responsiveness Behaviors Modeling Under Different Incentives. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 2021, 57, 3329 -3340.

AMA Style

Xiaoxing Lu, Xinxin Ge, Kangping Li, Fei Wang, Hongtao Shen, Peng Tao, Junjie Hu, Jingang Lai, Zhao Zhen, Miadreza Shafie-Khah, Joao P. S. P. S. Catalao. Optimal Bidding Strategy of Demand Response Aggregator Based On Customers’ Responsiveness Behaviors Modeling Under Different Incentives. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications. 2021; 57 (4):3329-3340.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xiaoxing Lu; Xinxin Ge; Kangping Li; Fei Wang; Hongtao Shen; Peng Tao; Junjie Hu; Jingang Lai; Zhao Zhen; Miadreza Shafie-Khah; Joao P. S. P. S. Catalao. 2021. "Optimal Bidding Strategy of Demand Response Aggregator Based On Customers’ Responsiveness Behaviors Modeling Under Different Incentives." IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 57, no. 4: 3329-3340.

Journal article
Published: 19 April 2021 in IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics
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The reliability of the microgrid (MG) can be improved by interconnecting MGs that are in close proximity, because the power shortfall in one MG can be compensated by the excess power available from other interconnected MGs. For multiple dc MG clusters consisting of a large number of heterogeneous distributed generators (DGs), this article establishes a master-slave cooperation framework containing a two-layer voltage estimator. All master-DGs implement current economical allocation among multiple MG clusters and drive their respective slave-DGs to realize current sharing accuracy. Compared with the previous work, the proposed control strategy has the advantages of simultaneous achievement of accurate current sharing and current economical allocation, short time consumption and faster convergence, and robustness against uncertain communication environments. Moreover, all distributed controllers are allowed to be implemented in a variable cyber network, thus well matching the characteristics of frequent switching operation in MG systems. Sufficient conditions in terms of control time constants for the two-layer cyber network are also deduced to ensure entire system stability. Different cases are tested to verify the effectiveness of the results in MATLAB/SimPowerSystems.

ACS Style

Xiaoqing Lu; Jingang Lai; Guo-Ping Liu. Master-Slave Cooperation for Multi-DC-MGs via Variable Cyber Networks. IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics 2021, PP, 1 -14.

AMA Style

Xiaoqing Lu, Jingang Lai, Guo-Ping Liu. Master-Slave Cooperation for Multi-DC-MGs via Variable Cyber Networks. IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics. 2021; PP (99):1-14.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xiaoqing Lu; Jingang Lai; Guo-Ping Liu. 2021. "Master-Slave Cooperation for Multi-DC-MGs via Variable Cyber Networks." IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics PP, no. 99: 1-14.

Journal article
Published: 25 February 2021 in IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics: Systems
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In actual microgrids (MGs) networks, the information exchange between distributed energy resources (DERs) agents may be subject to various types of measurement noises and effected by communication time delays. This article proposes a resilient distributed multiagent control scheme for ac MG networks subject to additive noise and time-delay disturbances. The proposed multiagent control scheme is composed of three distributed consensus protocols, which is able to synchronize the output voltages and frequencies of inverter-based DERs to their reference values and achieve the optimal active power-sharing property by a low bandwidth communication network with noise and time-delay disturbances in almost sure convergence. By means of the stochastic analysis tools and algebraic graph theory, distributed consensus control protocols are designed to be employed for the secondary control level of MGs. On this basis, we deduce the stability criteria of the closed-loop MG system under noise and time-delay disturbances. As a result, the proposed consensus protocols can well restore the voltage and frequency's derivation produced at the primary control level, meanwhile, can well achieve the optimal power sharing even though there exist communication disturbances. Several simulation scenarios on an islanded MG network are provided to verify the proposed control protocols' performance.

ACS Style

Jingang Lai; Xiaoqing Lu; Zhaoyang Dong; Shijie Cheng. Resilient Distributed Multiagent Control for AC Microgrid Networks Subject to Disturbances. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics: Systems 2021, PP, 1 -11.

AMA Style

Jingang Lai, Xiaoqing Lu, Zhaoyang Dong, Shijie Cheng. Resilient Distributed Multiagent Control for AC Microgrid Networks Subject to Disturbances. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics: Systems. 2021; PP (99):1-11.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jingang Lai; Xiaoqing Lu; Zhaoyang Dong; Shijie Cheng. 2021. "Resilient Distributed Multiagent Control for AC Microgrid Networks Subject to Disturbances." IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics: Systems PP, no. 99: 1-11.

Journal article
Published: 04 February 2021 in IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications
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This paper presents a resilient distributed bilevel cooperation control scheme to achieve load sharing of a heterogeneous microgrid cluster by employing a sparse multiagent communication network. Since communication networks are exposed to relative state-dependent measurement noises (i.e., multiplicative noises) in practice, which terribly reduce the stability and quality of whole system. To tackle this challenge, a resilient distributed consensus control protocol with shared communication framework and considering measurement noise disturbances is developed to regulate bidirectional power flow among heterogeneous microgrids for achieving load sharing by controlling bidirectional interconnecting converters (BIC). Furthermore, the closed-loop stability analysis of the whole system is carried out, accordingly we derive the sufficient conditions to achieve load sharing among all heterogeneous microgrids in mean square. Moreover, the control gains have been designed to guarantee the convergence. With the proposed scheme, loading sharing among the interconnected microgrids can be achieved proportionally even if the multiplicative noises exist. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy against communication noises effect is verified by a modified heterogeneous microgrid cluster test network obtained from OPAL-RT realtime simulator.

ACS Style

Jingang Lai; Xiaoqing Lu; Fei Wang. Bilevel Information-Aware Distributed Resilient Control for Heterogeneous Microgrid Clusters. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 2021, 57, 2014 -2022.

AMA Style

Jingang Lai, Xiaoqing Lu, Fei Wang. Bilevel Information-Aware Distributed Resilient Control for Heterogeneous Microgrid Clusters. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications. 2021; 57 (3):2014-2022.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jingang Lai; Xiaoqing Lu; Fei Wang. 2021. "Bilevel Information-Aware Distributed Resilient Control for Heterogeneous Microgrid Clusters." IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 57, no. 3: 2014-2022.

Journal article
Published: 09 January 2021 in ISA Transactions
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Distributed consensus tracking under variable communication network is an important research topic of multi-agent systems (MASs). Many results have been obtained for consensus of MASs with switching networks that are either jointly connected or periodically connected, but it remains challenging when the disconnected switching topologies are activated more frequently than the connected ones. This paper investigates both the consensus tracking and average consensus tracking problems for double-integrator MASs under switching topologies. By using the tools of multiple Lyapunov function and linear matrix inequality method, a neighbor-based distributed controller is designed for each following-agent so as to achieve (average) consensus tracking, even if the underlying switching communication network contains disconnected digraphs. Sufficient conditions, in terms of dwell time, total running time ratio of connected to disconnected topologies, and the exponentially convergent margin, are derived. Compared with existing research, the proposed method presents a quantified switching stability result allowing more disconnected digraphs to participate in switching, which can significantly reduce the communication pressure in applications. Simulation results are finally provided to verify the theoretical analysis.

ACS Style

Xiaoqing Lu; Qianxiong Li; Jingang Lai. Double-integrator control for MASs with small switching dwell time. ISA Transactions 2021, 114, 217 -229.

AMA Style

Xiaoqing Lu, Qianxiong Li, Jingang Lai. Double-integrator control for MASs with small switching dwell time. ISA Transactions. 2021; 114 ():217-229.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xiaoqing Lu; Qianxiong Li; Jingang Lai. 2021. "Double-integrator control for MASs with small switching dwell time." ISA Transactions 114, no. : 217-229.

Journal article
Published: 24 November 2020 in IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs
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This brief proposes a resilient distributed sampled-data control method to achieve the voltage synchronization of connected inverter (CI) networks against denial of service (DoS) attacks. In piratical CI networks, the continuous communication among cooperative and connected inverters may be result in high communication traffic, which is also vulnerable to the DoS attacks. To this end, the proposed distributed resilient sampled-data control method can synchronize CIs’ output voltages to track the reference state exponentially, even if the sparse communication is subject to DoS attacks. Specifically, in order to effectively deal with the time-varying sampling and against malicious attacks simultaneously, the sampled-data CI system is transformed into the switched time-delay CI system. By employing the Lyapunov stability theory, and the Jensen’s Inequality method, the criteria for sampling interval boundedness considering DoS attacks is derived for the stable operation of closed-loop CI system. Finally, simulation results are carried out in MATLAB/SimPower Systems to verify the effectiveness of the proposed control method.

ACS Style

Jingang Lai; Xiaoqing Lu. Resilient Distributed Voltage Synchronization of CI Networks Under Denial of Service Attacks. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs 2020, 68, 2052 -2056.

AMA Style

Jingang Lai, Xiaoqing Lu. Resilient Distributed Voltage Synchronization of CI Networks Under Denial of Service Attacks. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs. 2020; 68 (6):2052-2056.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jingang Lai; Xiaoqing Lu. 2020. "Resilient Distributed Voltage Synchronization of CI Networks Under Denial of Service Attacks." IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs 68, no. 6: 2052-2056.

Journal article
Published: 03 November 2020 in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems
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With the development of distributed generation (DG) technologies, distributed energy resources (DERs) with low capacity and low inertia are highly penetrated in the islanded AC microgrid. This has highlighted the need for secondary control strategies to remedy frequency deviation and strongly limitation of the frequency synchronization rate, which are associated with the primary control. To solve this problem, an optimal condition, in terms of explicit synchronization rate formula, is derived. Then, a distributed event-triggered control strategy is proposed to synchronize the microgrid frequency to the nominal value and maximize the synchronization rate for the primary control process with time-varying load. To reduce the communication and computation burdens, an event-triggered mechanism that enables each agent to update its input based on discrete information from only one of its neighbors are provided. The stability of the event condition and event interval are also analyzed using Lyapunov method. Finally, the theoretical results are applied to a parallelfeeder test system consisting of fourteen DGs, which verifies the effectiveness of the proposed strategy.

ACS Style

Chang Yu; Hong Zhou; Jingang Lai; Xiaoqing Lu; Guo-Ping Liu. Distributed Optimal Synchronization Rate Control for AC Microgrids under Event-Triggered Mechanism. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems 2020, PP, 1 -1.

AMA Style

Chang Yu, Hong Zhou, Jingang Lai, Xiaoqing Lu, Guo-Ping Liu. Distributed Optimal Synchronization Rate Control for AC Microgrids under Event-Triggered Mechanism. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems. 2020; PP (99):1-1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chang Yu; Hong Zhou; Jingang Lai; Xiaoqing Lu; Guo-Ping Liu. 2020. "Distributed Optimal Synchronization Rate Control for AC Microgrids under Event-Triggered Mechanism." IEEE Transactions on Power Systems PP, no. 99: 1-1.

Journal article
Published: 03 November 2020 in IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications
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Distributed energy resources (DER), especially wind and photovoltaic power, and demand response (DR) are highly valued in recent years for their advantages on environmental protection, sustainable development, and so on. However, their volatility poses double risks to the DER aggregator when formulating a profitable bidding strategy and schedule scheme. To this end, firstly, this paper proposes an information gap decision theory (IGDT) based optimal bidding strategy to modeling the dual uncertainties confronted by the DER aggregator without knowing the specific distribution pattern of uncertainties. Secondly, the DER aggregator is assumed to be risk-averse (RA) or opportunity-seeking (OS), and the corresponding strategies could be obtained. The former comes up with a robust strategy under severe uncertain circumstance, and the latter presents a profit-maximization scheme while enduring more risks. The validity of the proposed method is examined using the dataset from the Thames valley vision (TVV) project; the obtained results demonstrate that proper adjustment on aggregator's bidding strategy could be achieved based on its preference for high-profit or stability, which is also applicable for other market entities.

ACS Style

Xiaoxing Lu; Kangping Li; Fei Wang; Zengqiang Mi; Rongfu Sun; Xuanyuan Wang; Jingang Lai. Optimal Bidding Strategy of DER Aggregator Considering Dual Uncertainty via Information Gap Decision Theory. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 2020, 57, 158 -169.

AMA Style

Xiaoxing Lu, Kangping Li, Fei Wang, Zengqiang Mi, Rongfu Sun, Xuanyuan Wang, Jingang Lai. Optimal Bidding Strategy of DER Aggregator Considering Dual Uncertainty via Information Gap Decision Theory. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications. 2020; 57 (1):158-169.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xiaoxing Lu; Kangping Li; Fei Wang; Zengqiang Mi; Rongfu Sun; Xuanyuan Wang; Jingang Lai. 2020. "Optimal Bidding Strategy of DER Aggregator Considering Dual Uncertainty via Information Gap Decision Theory." IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 57, no. 1: 158-169.

Journal article
Published: 01 October 2020 in IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology
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This brief develops a novel, fully distributed cooperative control algorithm for multiagent-based ac microgrids (MGs) utilizing a low-width communication network. The proposed scheme can coordinate inverters to eliminate any deviation from the nominal frequency in battery energy storage systems (BESSs) so as to achieve optimal charging/discharging rates as well as economical operation simultaneously. Practical constraints for the charging/discharging rate, state of charge (SoC), and charge-discharge cycle are imposed to design the control protocol. Each agent is equipment with a fully distributed controller, in which only its own information and that of its nearest neighbors are acquired through low-width communication links. The global asymptotic stability condition is established using the equilibrium point theory. Several cases are studied in MATLAB/Simulink to verify the scheme effectiveness in solving the frequency synchronization and economic dispatch problems.

ACS Style

Chang Yu; Hong Zhou; Xiaoqing Lu; Jingang Lai. Frequency Synchronization and Power Optimization for Microgrids With Battery Energy Storage Systems. IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology 2020, 29, 2247 -2254.

AMA Style

Chang Yu, Hong Zhou, Xiaoqing Lu, Jingang Lai. Frequency Synchronization and Power Optimization for Microgrids With Battery Energy Storage Systems. IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology. 2020; 29 (5):2247-2254.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chang Yu; Hong Zhou; Xiaoqing Lu; Jingang Lai. 2020. "Frequency Synchronization and Power Optimization for Microgrids With Battery Energy Storage Systems." IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology 29, no. 5: 2247-2254.

Journal article
Published: 29 June 2020 in IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid
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To improve power supply reliability when enabling energy exchange among multiple dc microgrids (MGs) as well as effectively avoid overload or uncertainty, this paper presents a distributed cluster cooperation strategy through establishing a master-slave control framework over two-layer switching topologies. According to the physical cluster structure of multiple dc MGs, all distributed generators (DGs) within each dc MG cluster are divided into one master-DG and multiple slave-DGs. All master-DGs, allowed to information interaction among multiple MG clusters, constitute the master control layer; whereas slave-DGs, enabled to information exchange within each MG cluster, then together form the slave control layer. Once the stable operation is realized among all master-DGs, the stability of all slave-DGs can be automatically driven by their respective master-DGs. Eventually the weighted average voltage of all DGs can be regulated to their references, meanwhile, the accurate current sharing can be simultaneously realized not only within each dc MG cluster but also among multiple dc MG clusters. All controllers are fully distributed and can be applied in all sparse two-layer switching network topologies, control time constant related sufficient conditions are also derived to ensure the whole system stability. The effectiveness of the results is verified through different cases in MATLAB/SimPowerSystems.

ACS Style

Xiaoqing Lu; Jingang Lai. Distributed Cluster Cooperation for Multiple DC MGs Over Two-Layer Switching Topologies. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid 2020, 11, 4676 -4687.

AMA Style

Xiaoqing Lu, Jingang Lai. Distributed Cluster Cooperation for Multiple DC MGs Over Two-Layer Switching Topologies. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid. 2020; 11 (6):4676-4687.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xiaoqing Lu; Jingang Lai. 2020. "Distributed Cluster Cooperation for Multiple DC MGs Over Two-Layer Switching Topologies." IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid 11, no. 6: 4676-4687.

Journal article
Published: 10 April 2020 in IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics
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Reducing the time consumption of the economical power allocation operation among multiple microgrid (MG) clusters can significantly enhance the balance efficiency between power supply and load demand. A novel secondary power management strategy with cluster-oriented two-layer cooperative (TLC) framework is proposed, by which both the power sharing requirement for all DGs within each MG cluster and the economical power allocation demand among multiple MG clusters can be simultaneously realized during the secondary control process. In the framework, all cluster-head distributed generators (DGs) constitute the upper control layer which enable the economical power allocation operation among multiple MG clusters, and all non-cluster-head DGs constitute the lower control layer allowing the power sharing adjustment within each MG cluster. All the power mismatches across the TLC framework are fed back in the primary control to generate the frequency/voltage nominal set-points. Sufficient conditions, in terms of control time constants of the TLC framework and connectivity of the two-layer cyber network, are derived to guarantee the stability of the entire multiple MG cluster system with both power balance and power generation constraints. Specially, both the lower and upper layer controllers are designed based on a sparse two-layer cyber network, allowing different numbers of heterogeneous DGs in each MG cluster. The effectiveness of the control methodology is verified by the simulation of a multiple ac MG cluster system in MATLAB/SimPowerSystems.

ACS Style

Xiaoqing Lu; Jingang Lai; Xinghuo Yu. A Novel Secondary Power Management Strategy for Multiple AC Microgrids With Cluster-Oriented Two-Layer Cooperative Framework. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics 2020, 17, 1483 -1495.

AMA Style

Xiaoqing Lu, Jingang Lai, Xinghuo Yu. A Novel Secondary Power Management Strategy for Multiple AC Microgrids With Cluster-Oriented Two-Layer Cooperative Framework. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics. 2020; 17 (2):1483-1495.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xiaoqing Lu; Jingang Lai; Xinghuo Yu. 2020. "A Novel Secondary Power Management Strategy for Multiple AC Microgrids With Cluster-Oriented Two-Layer Cooperative Framework." IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics 17, no. 2: 1483-1495.

Journal article
Published: 09 March 2020 in Energies
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The ideal distributed network composed of distributed generations (DGs) has unweighted and undirected interactions which omit the impact of the power grid structure and actual demand. Apparently, the coupling relationship between DGs, which is determined by line impedance, node voltage, and droop coefficient, is generally non-homogeneous. Motivated by this, this paper investigates the phase synchronization of an islanded network with large-scale DGs in a non-homogeneous condition. Furthermore, we explicitly deduce the critical coupling strength formula for different weighting cases via the synchronization condition. On this basis, three cases of Gaussian distribution, power-law distribution, and frequency-weighted distribution are analyzed. A synthetical analysis is also presented, which helps to identify the order parameter. Finally, this paper employs the numerical simulation methods to test the effectiveness of the critical coupling strength formula and the superiority over the power-law distribution.

ACS Style

Shi Chen; Hong Zhou; Jingang Lai; Yiwei Zhou; Chang Yu. Phase Synchronization Stability of Non-Homogeneous Low-Voltage Distribution Networks with Large-Scale Distributed Generations. Energies 2020, 13, 1257 .

AMA Style

Shi Chen, Hong Zhou, Jingang Lai, Yiwei Zhou, Chang Yu. Phase Synchronization Stability of Non-Homogeneous Low-Voltage Distribution Networks with Large-Scale Distributed Generations. Energies. 2020; 13 (5):1257.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shi Chen; Hong Zhou; Jingang Lai; Yiwei Zhou; Chang Yu. 2020. "Phase Synchronization Stability of Non-Homogeneous Low-Voltage Distribution Networks with Large-Scale Distributed Generations." Energies 13, no. 5: 1257.

Journal article
Published: 21 February 2020 in International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems
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This paper presents a robust two-layer distributed control scheme to regulate the power output of massive distributed energy resources (DERs) (e.g., photovoltaics (PVs) and battery energy storage systems (BESSs)) in an islanded ac microgird, which can achieve the self-consistent proportional power sharing across the whole microgird system with time delay merely through limited noncontinuous communication among DERs based on their status and capacities. By employing delay-based event-triggered communication, the proposed control scheme only relies on limited aperiodic communication, which can greatly reduces the communication cost in the cyber network, moreover is also robust to time delays. Furthermore, the proposed control scheme is fully distributed, thus each DER only requires the local voltage and current measurement from its own and some neighbors for the distributed power sharing control at the last event-triggered time instant to achieve self-consistent active and reactive power outputs. The inequality technique is employed to devise the stability and convergence analysis of the proposed dynamic event-triggered conditions. The effectiveness of the proposed control strategy is verified under various scenarios obtained from OPAL-RT simulator by a modified IEEE 34-bus test network in MATLAB/SimPowerSystems.

ACS Style

Jingang Lai; Xiaoqing Lu. Robust self-consistent control of PV-battery-based microgrids without continuous communication. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems 2020, 119, 105900 .

AMA Style

Jingang Lai, Xiaoqing Lu. Robust self-consistent control of PV-battery-based microgrids without continuous communication. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems. 2020; 119 ():105900.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jingang Lai; Xiaoqing Lu. 2020. "Robust self-consistent control of PV-battery-based microgrids without continuous communication." International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems 119, no. : 105900.

Journal article
Published: 06 February 2020 in IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications
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ACS Style

Jingang Lai; Xiaoqing Lu; Antonello Monti; Rik W. De Doncker. Event-Driven Distributed Active and Reactive Power Dispatch for CCVSI-Based Distributed Generators in AC Microgrids. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 2020, 56, 3125 -3136.

AMA Style

Jingang Lai, Xiaoqing Lu, Antonello Monti, Rik W. De Doncker. Event-Driven Distributed Active and Reactive Power Dispatch for CCVSI-Based Distributed Generators in AC Microgrids. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications. 2020; 56 (3):3125-3136.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jingang Lai; Xiaoqing Lu; Antonello Monti; Rik W. De Doncker. 2020. "Event-Driven Distributed Active and Reactive Power Dispatch for CCVSI-Based Distributed Generators in AC Microgrids." IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 56, no. 3: 3125-3136.

Journal article
Published: 03 February 2020 in IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs
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Cooperative control are mainly employed for multi-converter networks due to the distributed nature of renewable resources and communication network limitations. By dividing all converters within each converter-network (CN) cluster into the leader-converters and follower-converters according to their physical cluster topology structure, the leader and follower control layers are respectively formulated. Then a two-layer cooperative strategy is developed, under which the weighted average voltage of all converters can be regulated to their rated references, meanwhile, the accurate current sharing can be simultaneously realized not only within each CN cluster but also among multiple CN clusters. Compared with previous work, the proposed control strategy has the advantages of accurate current sharing, short time consumption and faster convergence. All controllers are fully distributed and can be applied in all sparse two-layer cyber networks, and control time constant condition is derived to ensure the system stability. Different cases in MATLAB/SimPowerSystems are investigated to verify the effectiveness of the results.

ACS Style

Xiaoqing Lu; Jingang Lai. Two-Layer Cooperative Control for Multiple Converter-Network Clusters. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs 2020, 68, 682 -686.

AMA Style

Xiaoqing Lu, Jingang Lai. Two-Layer Cooperative Control for Multiple Converter-Network Clusters. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs. 2020; 68 (2):682-686.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xiaoqing Lu; Jingang Lai. 2020. "Two-Layer Cooperative Control for Multiple Converter-Network Clusters." IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs 68, no. 2: 682-686.

Journal article
Published: 27 January 2020 in IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics
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This article proposes a nonlinear distributed cooperative control scheme that can regulate the power output to achieve efficient utilization of renewable energy in ac microgirds, which ensures mean-square autonomous proportional power sharing over a nonlinear microgird system via a sparse cyber network subject to noisy disturbance and limited bandwidth constraints. The cyber networks are exposed to noisy disturbances and limited bandwidth constraints that terribly reduce the stability and quality of the whole system. To eliminate the adverse effects of noisy disturbances and limited bandwidth constraints, we propose a robust distributed control strategy designed by using partial feedback linearization for the dynamical nonlinear model of a microgrid system. Moreover, a distributed event detection mechanism with noise-dependent threshold is adopted to update the control signals with the consideration of unnecessary data communication reduction. Through adopting stochastic stability theory and Lyapunov function, the stability and convergence analysis of the proposed dynamic distributed event-detection conditions considering noise interferences is derived. As a result, the suggested method decreases the sensitivity of the system to failures and increases its reliability. Finally, a modified IEEE 34-bus test system in MATLAB/Simulink is utilized to verify the effectiveness of the proposed controller design scheme.

ACS Style

Jingang Lai; Xiaoqing Lu. Nonlinear Mean-Square Power Sharing Control for AC Microgrids under Distributed Event Detection. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics 2020, 17, 1 -1.

AMA Style

Jingang Lai, Xiaoqing Lu. Nonlinear Mean-Square Power Sharing Control for AC Microgrids under Distributed Event Detection. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics. 2020; 17 (1):1-1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jingang Lai; Xiaoqing Lu. 2020. "Nonlinear Mean-Square Power Sharing Control for AC Microgrids under Distributed Event Detection." IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics 17, no. 1: 1-1.

Journal article
Published: 14 January 2020 in IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid
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ACS Style

Jingang Lai; Xiaoqing Lu; Xinghuo Yu; Antonello Monti. Stochastic Distributed Secondary Control for AC Microgrids via Event-Triggered Communication. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid 2020, 11, 2746 -2759.

AMA Style

Jingang Lai, Xiaoqing Lu, Xinghuo Yu, Antonello Monti. Stochastic Distributed Secondary Control for AC Microgrids via Event-Triggered Communication. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid. 2020; 11 (4):2746-2759.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jingang Lai; Xiaoqing Lu; Xinghuo Yu; Antonello Monti. 2020. "Stochastic Distributed Secondary Control for AC Microgrids via Event-Triggered Communication." IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid 11, no. 4: 2746-2759.

Journal article
Published: 13 January 2020 in IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications
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ACS Style

Fei Wang; Biao Xiang; Kangping Li; Xinxin Ge; Hai Lu; Jingang Lai; Payman Dehghanian. Smart Households’ Aggregated Capacity Forecasting for Load Aggregators Under Incentive-Based Demand Response Programs. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 2020, 56, 1086 -1097.

AMA Style

Fei Wang, Biao Xiang, Kangping Li, Xinxin Ge, Hai Lu, Jingang Lai, Payman Dehghanian. Smart Households’ Aggregated Capacity Forecasting for Load Aggregators Under Incentive-Based Demand Response Programs. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications. 2020; 56 (2):1086-1097.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Fei Wang; Biao Xiang; Kangping Li; Xinxin Ge; Hai Lu; Jingang Lai; Payman Dehghanian. 2020. "Smart Households’ Aggregated Capacity Forecasting for Load Aggregators Under Incentive-Based Demand Response Programs." IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 56, no. 2: 1086-1097.