Relevance. Despite the successes achieved over the 85-year history of the study of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE), there are still many controversial and unresolved issues. It is obvious that in the second decade of the XXI century, this natural focal neuroinfection, as before, poses a great threat to public health not only in Russia, but also in endemic countries of the world.Aim. To present modern aspects of etiology, epidemiology, diagnosis, specific prevention of TBE in Russia and endemic countries of the world.Conclusions. Currently, there are 4 genotypes of the TBE virus: Far Eastern, European, Siberian and Baikal, each of which has its own area, pathogenic potential for humans. Nosoareal of TBE covers most of the territory of Russia, 29 European countries. Cases of TBE disease or viral activity are registered in six Asian countries. For the correct verification of the diagnosis, criteria for the diagnosis of cases of the disease have been developed, which mainly concern unvaccinated persons. Since highly effective etiotropic drugs for the treatment of TBE have not yet been developed, the only strategy for reducing the incidence of TBE is mass vaccination of the population of endemic regions. Due to the increase in the rate of vaccination in Russia and European countries, in order to improve epidemiological surveillance of TBE, standards for specific laboratory diagnosis of the disease among vaccinated persons, clarification of the causes of the incidence of vaccinated, as well as deaths among them, need to be clarified. In conditions of combination of natural foci of TBE and other tick-borne infections, it is important to develop diagnostic algorithms, including differential diagnosis of this disease with other infections transmitted by Ixodic ticks.

This paper describes the protein array as a novel serological test for the diagnosis ofBorrelia miyamotoidisease (BMD), by reporting the methodology, the development of a diagnostic algorithm, and its extensive validation. With rising numbers of ticks and tick bites, tick-borne diseases, such as BMD, urgently deserve further societal and medical attention.B. miyamotoiis prevalent inIxodesticks across the northern hemisphere.

Эволюция клещевого энцефалита за 80-летний период: основные проявления, вероятные причины

The idea of using the lytic power of viruses against malignant cells has been entertained for many decades. However, oncolytic viruses gained broad attention as an emerging anti-cancer therapy only recently with the successful implementation of several oncolytic viruses to treat advanced melanoma. Here we review the history of oncolytic viruses in the Russian Federation and recent biotechnological advances in connection with the perspectives of their practical use against aggressive tumors such as glioblastoma or pancreatic cancer. A particular emphasis is made on novel applications of safe non-lytic virus-derived vectors armed with prodrug-converting enzyme transgenes. Rational improvement of oncotropism by conjugation with biopolymers and nanoformulations is also discussed.

Relevance.Vaccination against the tick-borne encephalitis (TBE), during the mass immunization, by using modern vaccines provides high epidemiological effect (98–99%); however, there are known cases of incidents among vaccinated population. The problem of incidents among vaccinated population is insufficiently studied, likewise a reliability of the diagnostic, vaccination conditions and causes of vaccinated people’s morbidity.Purpose of the article generalizationof the information about morbidity among the vaccinated population.Conclusions.The review for the first time provides information about the main issues of this problem: the frequency of illness of vaccinated people in Russia (by federal districts and individual regions), disease development conditions, tied up with vaccination regimens and types of vaccines, clinical features and diagnosis of the disease of vaccinated people. Particular attention is paid to the state of post-vaccination immunity. The significance of two phenomena is being studied: incomplete neutralization of the virus, which leads to the formation of a fraction of a free infectious virus; and the phenomenon of the hyperimmunization with the development of immunological tolerance.

Oncolytic viruses offer a promising approach to tumor treatment. These viruses not only have a direct lytic effect on tumor cells but can also modify the tumor microenvironment and activate antitumor immunity. Due to their high pathogenicity, flaviviruses have often been overlooked as potential antitumor agents. However, with recent advancements in genetic engineering techniques, an extensive history with vaccine strains, and the development of new attenuated vaccine strains, there has been a renewed interest in the Flavivirus genus. Flaviviruses can be genetically modified to express transgenes at acceptable levels, and the stability of such constructs has been greatly improving over the years. The key advantages of flaviviruses include their reproduction cycle occurring entirely within the cytoplasm (avoiding genome integration) and their ability to cross the blood–brain barrier, facilitating the systemic delivery of oncolytics against brain tumors. So far, the direct lytic effects and immunomodulatory activities of many flaviviruses have been widely studied in experimental animal models across various types of tumors. In this review, we delve into the findings of these studies and contemplate the promising potential of flaviviruses in oncolytic therapies.