This study aims to explore the perceptions and attitudes of national elementary school teachers toward environmental education to understand the difference between different teachers’ background variables on environmental education cognition and attitude and the correlation between cognition and attitude. This research adopts the questionnaire survey method and takes elementary school teachers from the second largest city in Taiwan, Taichung City, as the research sample. Stratified random sampling was adopted, and 636 questionnaires were distributed. In total, 536 questionnaires were effectively recovered, and the effective recovery rate was 84.27%. The descriptive statistical analysis of sample data, an independent sample T-test, a one-way analysis of variance, Scheffe’s comparison test, and Pearson’s product-difference correlation were used for analysis. The study results are: (1) Elementary school teachers in Taichung City have good environmental education and teaching cognition and environmental issue cognition. (2) The attitudes toward the environmental education of elementary school teachers in Taichung are positive and active. (3) Senior and experienced elementary school teachers in Taichung City have a high awareness of environmental education due to their participation in many workshops and environmental protection activities. Therefore, there are significant differences in the cognition and attitude of environmental education from elementary school teachers. (4) There is a significant correlation between the cognition and attitude of elementary school teachers in Taichung City toward environmental education. This research shows that teachers with more senior teaching experience have better cognition and attitude toward environmental education.

VR has shown positive growth in the world in recent years, which is mainly due to projects such as learning, games, entertainment and experiential activities. VR has changed the way of life of users, providing users with more interesting interactions and immersive experiences. This study aims to investigate students’ practical capabilities and learning effectiveness under the instruction strategy of integrating virtual reality into simulation games into the Vehicle Body Electrical System Comprehensive Maintenance and Repair Services Practice curriculum for students of the Dept. of Auto Mechanics in a skills-based senior high school. Two student classes of the Dept. of Auto Mechanics major in Electrical Engineering featuring practical subjects in one skills-based senior high school in central Taiwan were chosen as the participants for this study. By way of pretest–post-test research design and heterogeneous grouping, an 8-week instruction experiment was conducted in which ZPD (zone of proximal development) instruction strategies were used in the experimental group (with 43 persons), while traditional didactic instruction strategies were used in the control group (with 36 persons). ZPD instructional strategies analyze and collect quantitative and qualitative data to investigate the instructional effectiveness and feasibility in developing ZPD as the research material in the practical curriculum for the study area of the Power Machinery in Vehicle Body Electrical System Comprehensive Maintenance and Repair Services practice. According to the research objective, the results are concluded as follows. (1) Students achieved the best learning effectiveness when adopting ZPD (zone of proximal development) strategies in which virtual reality was integrated into the vehicle charging and starting system to investigate students’ automotive diagnostic troubleshooting and fault-clearing capabilities. (2) Students attained the highest acceptance in learning phenomenon when adopting ZPD (zone of proximal development) strategies in which virtual reality was integrated into students’ familiar practice factory environment and the tools and equipment operation process. (3) Students had a higher acceptance of learning effectiveness when using virtual reality simulation games in the disassembly and functional detection of vehicle charging and starting systems. (4) There is a positive effect when integrating virtual reality simulation games into ZPD instruction strategies in the knowledge, skills and attitude on students’ overall inquiry practical capabilities and their learning effectiveness.

The rapid advancement of intelligent technologies, including sensing devices, artificial intelligence, and the Internet of Things, has significantly accelerated the progress in industrial technology, particularly within the medical enterprise sector. Wearable innovations for health management have introduced novel approaches to physiological monitoring and early disease detection, contributing to an improved quality of life. In the context of sustainable development, wearable devices demonstrate considerable potential for supporting long-term healthcare solutions, particularly in the post-pandemic era, where the demand for smart health solutions continues to rise. This study aims to identify critical product design indicators for wearable devices that align with sustainable health management goals. Utilizing expert questionnaires and employing a combination of the Fuzzy Delphi Method and the DEMATEL-based Analytic Network Process (ANP), this research systematically evaluates the key factors influencing wearable device design. The findings highlight three primary aspects, six criteria, and 16 design indicators, with pivotal factors including “Compatibility”, “Foresight”, “Integration”, “Comfort”, “Appearance”, “Customization”, and “Intelligence”. These indicators provide a comprehensive framework for developing wearable devices that address diverse user needs while promoting individual well-being and sustainable health management. This study offers valuable insights into the design and development of wearable devices that support sustainable healthcare practices, advance social responsibility, and strengthen preventive care initiatives.

The Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) protocol plays a crucial role in wearable and IoT devices, enabling high-speed communication between microcontrollers and peripherals such as sensors, displays, and connectivity modules. With the increasing complexity of modern devices and system-on-chip (SoC) designs, robust verification methods are essential to ensure functionality and reliability. This paper utilizes the Universal Verification Methodology (UVM) to develop a scalable and reusable testbench for SPI verification. The process encompasses test planning, simulation, emulation, and top-level verification to validate multi-slave coordination and error-handling scenarios. The results demonstrate the critical importance of UVM in ensuring the performance and dependability of SPI in advanced electronics, contributing to the reliable integration of the protocol in future devices. The verification results demonstrated a functional coverage of 83.33% and 100% assertion coverage, confirming our approach’s robustness. Analysis of the uncovered functional bins revealed that specific edge cases, such as timing violations and multi-slave arbitration conflicts, require additional test scenarios for full verification. Furthermore, our testbench successfully identified and handled critical fault conditions, such as clock jitter, bus contention, and framing errors, ensuring reliable SPI operation in real-world deployments. These findings highlight the effectiveness of UVM-based verification in improving the reliability and robustness of SPI communication in modern low-power, resource-constrained embedded systems.

With the advancement of human science and technology, the continuous increase in the construction and functional improvement of campus buildings and school teaching infrastructure cannot avoid adverse impacts on the overall environment. Therefore, sustainability assessments of buildings are indispensable for the sustainable development of the surrounding region. The main goal of the sustainable design of campus buildings is to reduce the depletion of key resources, such as water and energy, as well as to lower carbon emissions; this, in turn, creates a safe and effective campus environment. Comprehensive assessments of campus buildings have become critical to achieving national and regional sustainability. Therefore, this study compiles a set of building construction indicators suitable for a framework for high school campus architecture and ecological development in Taiwan, conforms these indicators to climatic characteristics, and considers an evaluation model for sustainable building concepts. This research uses the Fuzzy Delphi Method (FDM) and the Fuzzy Analysis Hierarchical Procedure Method (FAHP) to gather data using expert questionnaires. We examine three relevant factors: (1) the main factor, campus space architecture, is the most important measure of sustainable buildings; (2) the second factor is the campus ecological environment; (3) the third measure of the sustainable campus buildings is a healthy environment. The top 20 elements of the sustainable campus building evaluation index were obtained through FAHP analysis, with an overall cumulative weight value of 81.06%. This research may provide a resource allocation reference for government bodies or the construction industry, assisting them in building sustainable buildings in the future.