As the use of wearable devices continues to expand, their integration into various aspects of healthcare becomes increasingly prevalent. Indeed, significant advancements have been made in the field of cardiology through the application of wearable technology to monitor heart rate, rhythm, and other biological signals. This review examines the various applications of wearable technology in cardiology, with the goal of improving patient care. We evaluate the accuracy and functionality of existing wearable electrocardiograms, defibrillators, blood pressure monitors, fitness trackers, activity trackers, and sleep trackers, including their roles in cardiac rehabilitation. Furthermore, we highlight the significant advancements in wearable electrocardiograms, demonstrating their accuracy comparable to that of traditional monitoring devices, as shown by studies such as the Apple Heart Study and the Fitbit Heart Study. Recent research suggests that wearable electrocardiograms are comparable to conventional monitoring devices in terms of performance and can help reduce healthcare costs. However, as technological improvements continue to evolve, challenges related to accessibility, patient privacy, and the need for improved accuracy are also emerging. This review highlights recent advancements that aim to address these challenges. Nonetheless, further research is crucial to critically assess and identify shortcomings, as wearable devices possess significant potential to enhance cardiovascular and overall health.

Background/Objectives: Patients with infective endocarditis (IE) are more susceptible to acute kidney injury (AKI). The presence of AKI increases in-hospital complications in these patients. Methods: The 2016–2020 National Inpatient Sample (NIS) database consisting of adult admissions with IE and AKI was utilized. The primary outcome was all-cause inpatient mortality. Secondary outcomes included fluid and electrolyte disorders, stroke, septic arterial embolism, septic shock, cardiogenic shock, valve surgery, vasopressor support, mechanical ventilation, length of stay (LOS), and total hospital charges. Results: Out of a total of 63,725 adult admissions with IE, 16,295 (25.5%) admissions had AKI. Patients with AKI were more likely to be males (63% vs. 57.6%, p < 0.001) and older (55.8 vs. 50.4, p < 0.001). A higher proportion of these patients were admitted to large hospitals (60.6 vs. 55.3%, p < 0.001) and urban teaching hospitals (81.9 vs. 75%, p < 0.001). Patients with AKI had higher LOS (17 ± 16.1 vs. 11.32 ± 11.7, p < 0.001) and hospital charges (USD 239,046.8 ± 303,977.3 vs. USD 124,857.6 ± 192,883.5, p < 0.001). Multivariable analysis showed higher odds of all-cause inpatient mortality (aOR: 2.22, 95% CI: 1.81–2.73, p < 0.001). They also had higher risk for fluid and electrolyte disorder (aOR: 2.31, 95% CI: 2.10–2.53, p < 0.001), septic arterial embolism (aOR: 1.61, 95% CI: 1.42–1.84, p < 0.001), septic shock (aOR: 3.78, 95% CI: 2.97–4.82, p < 0.001), cardiogenic shock (OR: 3.37, 95% CI: 2.65–4.28, p < 0.001), valve surgery (aOR: 1.52, 95% CI: 1.35–1.71, p < 0.001), vasopressor requirement (aOR: 1.99, 95% CI: 1.52–2.60, p < 0.001), and mechanical ventilation (aOR: 2.75, 95% CI: 2.33–3.24, p < 0.001). The association with stroke was elevated but not statistically significant. Conclusions: This large retrospective analysis demonstrated that patients with AKI and infective endocarditis had increased mortality, adverse hospital outcomes, increased LOS, and hospital costs.

Prediabetes affects nearly one-third of adults in the United States and is increasingly recognized as a contributor to early chronic kidney disease (CKD). This review summarizes current evidence linking prediabetes with early kidney changes, including albuminuria, glomerular hyperfiltration, and mild renal impairment, as well as its association with increased cardiovascular risk. Large observational cohorts, such as the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort, suggest an association between prediabetes and progression of proteinuria, although its independent contribution to advanced CKD remains variable. We review proposed mechanisms, including insulin resistance, low-grade hyperglycemia, altered tubulo-glomerular feedback mediated by sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 activity, inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction. Variability in diagnostic thresholds across major guidelines complicates risk stratification. Emerging biomarkers may facilitate earlier detection but require further validation. Early identification and guideline-directed lifestyle and pharmacological interventions may help mitigate CKD progression and related cardiovascular outcomes. These insights inform population-level screening, prevention, and decision-making.

Background: Sepsis in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is one of the causes of acute kidney injury (AKI). There are no available data on the outcomes of AML-related AKI patients. Methods: We researched the 2016–2020 National Inpatient Sample (NIS) database to collect data on hospitalizations of patients ≥18 years old with sepsis and AML. These admissions were divided into two weighted groups, with and without AKI. A multivariable logistic regression was used with adjustment for possible confounders to generate the adjusted odds ratios for the outcomes of the study. A p-value of <0.05 was considered significant. The primary outcome was all-cause inpatient mortality. Secondary outcomes were septic shock, fluid and electrolyte disorders, length of stay (LOS), vasopressor support, and the requirement for mechanical ventilation. Results: Out of 288,435 hospital admissions of patients with sepsis and AML, 61,955 (21.4%) had AKI. Patients with AKI were older (mean age 66.1 vs. 60.4 years), males (63.1% vs. 52.8%), and more Black individuals were affected (12% vs. 9.2). They also had more comorbidities but had a significantly higher percentage of diabetes mellitus, congestive heart failure, cardiac arrhythmias, cerebrovascular disease, and chronic kidney disease. Tumor lysis syndrome was present in 11.1%. Compared to patients without AKI, patients with AKI had longer LOS days (15.4 ± 18 vs. 10.8 ± 13.1, p < 0.001. Multivariable analysis showed that the patients with AKI had higher odds of mortality (OR: 3.8, 95% CI: 3.6–4.1, p < 0.001). They also had a higher risk for fluid and electrolyte disorders (OR: 2.2, 95% CI: 2.1–2.4, p < 0.001), septic shock (OR: 6.3, 95% CI: 5.7–6.9, p < 0.001), vasopressor requirement (OR: 5.0, 95% CI: 4.3–5.8, p < 0.001), and mechanical ventilation (OR: 5.2, 95% CI: 4.7–5.7, p < 0.001). Conclusions: AKI in patients with sepsis and AML was associated with higher mortality compared to sepsis alone, as well as other complications. Further large studies are required to identify factors that could improve outcomes.

Obesity, often associated with cardiometabolic risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia, is a predictor of major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCE) in hospitalized patients. However, in-hospital outcomes among young, metabolically healthy (MHO) Asians with obesity have not been explored. This was a retrospective cohort study that utilized 2019 National Inpatient Sample (NIS) database to identify hospitalizations of metabolically healthy young (18–44 years) Asian-Americans/Pacific Islanders (AA/API). Demographically matched cohorts of metabolically healthy Asians with obesity (MHO+) and Asians without obesity (MHO-) patients were compared for comorbidities and in-hospital outcomes using 1:1 propensity matching. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify predictors of MACCE in the MHO+ group. Among 327,065 young AA/API hospitalizations, 7.8 % (n=25,470) were obese. Of which, 14315 were metabolically healthy after excluding encounters with concomitant cardiometabolic risk factors. Matched cohorts (MHO+ and MHO-, N = 14,200, median age 32 years, >84 % female) showed that the MHO + group had higher rates of depression, anxiety, tobacco use disorder, chronic pulmonary disease, and hypothyroidism, while the MHO- group had higher cancer and cannabis use disorder rates. The odds of MACCE (aOR 0.98, 95%CI 0.70–1.37, p = 0.886), and the odds of all-cause mortality (aOR 1.26, 95CI% 0.4–3.99, p = 0.690) were not of statistical significance. Males (aOR 10.18, 95%Cl 3.39–30.53), drug users (aOR 2.87, 95%Cl 1.05–7.86), cancer patients (aOR 9.70, 95%Cl 2.14–44.01), and those with congenital circulatory anomalies (aOR 21.77, 95%Cl 4.07–116.60) had significantly higher odds of MACCE. Depression (aOR 3.09, 95%Cl 0.86–11.08), elective admission (aOR 3.71, 95%Cl 0.74–18.58), and tobacco use (aOR 0.81, 95%Cl 0.26–2.60) were not statistically significant predictors. Asian Americans males, drug users and cancer patients face elevated cardiovascular risk despite having a lower BMI, while overall odds of in-hospital cardiovascular event rates were not statistically significant compared to metabolically healthy cohorts with obesity.