Scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy were used to elucidate the morphology of labium and mandibular and maxillary stylets of the aphids Stomaphis quercus (L.) and S. graffii Cholodkovsky. The mechanism of labium shortening associated with feeding process was described as well. Stomaphis quercus and S. graffii have cone-shaped labium of 13 and 10 mm in length, respectively, that strongly extend behind the abdomen. The stylets bundle comprises a pair of mandibular and maxillary stylets which are on average as long as labium. Serial cross sections of labium revealed that the first segment is inverted inside and the second is pulled into it; both segments are shifted into abdomen. This study provides new information on S. quercus and S. graffii mouthparts that may help to understand their feeding behavior.

At least since the Cretaceous Terrestrial Revolution, the geographical distribution of aphids, particularly in the Northern Hemisphere, has been strongly affected by the low thermal tolerance of their obligatory bacterial symbiont,Buchnera aphidicola, which was why the aphids switched to obligate parthenogenesis in low latitudes. Hormaphidids and greenideids penetrated into the tropics only after the Oligocene strengthening of climate seasonality, and specialisations of the tropical representatives of these families did not allow them to spread further south (in the case of cerataphidines), or only allowed in few cases (in the case of greenideids).Aphids suffered from the Mesozoic–Cenozoic boundary extinction event much more strongly than other insects. The extinction was roughly coincidental with the establishment of the tight symbiosis of aphids with formicine and dolichoderine ants, which was accompanied by the flourishing of all three groups.In the Cretaceous, all of the representatives of extant and subfamilies occupied positions that were subordinate to Armaniinae and Sphecomyrminae. Prior to large ant colonies evolving their efficient ant–aphid mutualism, the aphids remained unprotected before the growing ant predation. The origin of the aphid trophobiosis with large colonies of Formicinae and Dolichoderinae has resulted in the steep decline of aphids left beyond that ant–aphid symbiotic network. By at least the basal Eocene (unlike the Late Cretaceous), ant proportions in the entomofauna increased sharply, and evident dominants emerged. Even now, aphid milkers from small colonies (hundreds of specimens) never protect their symbionts, and homopteran-tending ants are more likely to be dominant, with large colonies of 10⁴–10⁵workers.The mutualistic ant–aphid system failed to cross the tropical belt during the Cenozoic because ofBuchnera's low heat tolerance. As a result, the native southern temperate aphid fauna consists now of seven genera only, five of which are Late Cretaceous relicts. Some of them had relatives in Late Cretaceous amber of the Northern Hemisphere.

Representatives of the Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha, Fulgoromorpha, Cicadomorpha and Heteroptera from the Late Eocene of the Isle of Wight, UK, are analysed and discussed. Psylloidea were reviewed and a key to the described taxa is given. Aphidoidea were studied, previously described taxa revised and new taxa described. New taxa of Aphidoidea are Hormaphididae:Hormaphis?longistigmaWegierek sp. nov.; Eriosomatidae:Eriosoma gratsheviWegierek sp. nov. andColopha? incognitaWegierek sp. nov.; Drepanosiphidae:Panfossilis anglicusWegierek gen. et sp. nov. andBetulaphis kozloviWegierek sp. nov. Previously described Fulgoromorpha were revised and new taxa are described. The homonymHastitesCockerell, 1922 (Cixiidae) preoccupied byHastitesMayer-Eymar, 1883 is replaced byCatulliastitesSzwedo nom. nov. forCatulliastites muiri(Cockerell) comb. nov. New taxa described are Cixiidae:Klugga gnawaSzwedo gen. et sp. nov.,Klugga regoaSzwedo sp. nov.,Liwakka gelloaSzwedo gen et sp. nov.,Delwa morikwaSzwedo gen. et sp. nov.,Kommanosyne wrikkuaSzwedo gen. et sp. nov.,Kernastiridius nephlajeusSzwedo gen. et sp. nov.,Margaxius angosusSzwedo gen. et sp. nov.,Dweivera reikeaSzwedo gen. et sp. nov.,Samaliverus bikkanusSzwedo gen. et sp. nov.,Komsitija tuberculataSzwedo gen. et sp. nov.,Langsmaniko marousSzwedo gen. et sp. nov.,Komnixta jarzembowskiiSzwedo gen. et sp. nov. andWorodbera nimakkagen. et sp. nov.; Tropiduchidae:Reteotissus hooleyiSzwedo gen. et sp. nov.,Phatanakogen. nov. forPhatanako wilmattae(Cockerell) comb. nov.,Senogaetulia kwaleaSzwedo gen. et sp. nov.,Dakrutulia mikhailkozloviSzwedo gen. et sp. nov.,Keriophettus atibenusSzwedo gen. et sp. nov. andSognotela emeljanoviSzwedo gen. et sp. nov.; Issidae:Krundia korbaSzwedo gen. et sp. nov.,Breukoscelis vadimgratsheviSzwedo gen. et sp. nov.,Breukoscelis phrikkosusSzwedo sp. nov. andUphodato garwoterusSzwedo gen. et sp. nov.; Nogodinidae: Ambitaktoinae Szwedo subfam. nov.,Ambitaktoa stoummaSzwedo gen. et sp. nov.,Phariberea gurdonikaSzwedo gen. et sp. nov.,Wixskimoa torxseaSzwedo gen. et sp. nov., and Nadrimini trib. nov. withNiadrima yuleiSzwedo gen. et sp. nov.; Lophopidae:Ankomwarius brodieiSzwedo gen. et sp. nov.; Ricaniidae:Ankwlanno blugaSzwedo gen. et sp. nov. Previously described Cicadomorpha were revised and new taxa are described: Cicadidae:Kintusamo boulardiSzwedo gen. et sp. nov; Aphrophoridae:BlenniphoraSzwedo gen. nov. forBlenniphora woodwardi(Cockerell) comb. nov.,Blenniphora skakaSzwedo sp. nov. andBlenniphora bikkanoaSzwedo sp. nov.;Luisphantyelus briwusSzwedo gen. et sp. nov.,Natajephora lijankaSzwedo gen. et sp. nov.; Cercopidae:Berro enissuextaensisSzwedo gen. et sp. nov.; Cicadellidae: Mileewinae:Teniwitta andrewrossiSzwedo gen. et sp. nov. Formerly described true bugs (Heteroptera) are revised and several new taxa are described – Nepomorpha: Corixidae:Diacorixites szwedoiPopov gen. et sp. nov.; Cimicomorpha: Tingidae:Parasinalda wappleriPopov sp. nov.,ViktorgolubiaPopov gen. nov. forViktorgolubia seposita(Cockerell) comb. nov.; Miridae:Gurnardinia herczekiPopov gen. et sp. nov.; Pentatomomorpha: Lygaeidae: Gurnardobayini Popov trib. nov.,Gurnardobaya rossiPopov gen. et sp. nov.; Cydnidae:Eocenocydnus lisiPopov gen. et sp. nov.; Pentatomidae:Podopinites coloratusPopov gen. et sp. nov. andPodopinites acourti(Cockerell) comb. nov. An overview of the Late Eocene fauna of the Hemiptera is presented. Ecological and biogeographical patterns of the Hemiptera from the Isle of Wight deposits are discussed.

Aphidoidea, the so-called "true aphids" are one of the most challenging groups in terms of solving the phylogenetic relationships. Morphology-based analyses were strongly affected by widespread homoplasy, while the molecular-based attempts struggled with the lack of sufficient phylogenetic signal. Despite significant improvements, the higher classification still remains unresolved and rather controversial. However, the use of the fossil record, one of the most valuable sources of information, was mainly limited to calibration of a phylogenetic tree, without a direct inclusion into the analysis. The extinct family Oviparosiphidae has long been considered as the common ancestor of all recent Aphidoidea and it was used as a calibration point in several analyses, but it has been never analyzed in a phylogenetic context. The family has been treated as a monophyletic group purely based on the simultaneous presence of two abdominal structures, ovipositor and siphunculi. However, it has been shown recently that at least one more extinct lineage, present at the same time, was characterized by the same features. For these reasons, we performed a maximum parsimony analysis using morphological data for extinct aphid taxa to prove the monophyly of Oviparosiphidae. Our analysis shows that the presumed ancestor lineage of recent aphids is a polyphyletic group. Our results support the hypothesis of an early Mesozoic rapid radiation of aphids, which led to several different lineages characterized by both ovipositor and siphunculi. The results indicate the necessity of examining the other extinct families, and shows that the diversity of aphids before the Cretaceous Terrestrial Revolution (KTR) was higher than expected. Even though there is not enough data to perform a formal analysis, fossils seem to suggest a significant impact of the KTR on aphid diversification. Additionally, we have made a redescription of two genera and description of a new species, Vitimaphis subridens sp. nov.

The potential of forest nature reserves as refuges for biodiversity seems to be overlooked probably due to their small size. These, however, may constitute important safe havens for saproxylic organisms since forest reserves are relatively numerous in Europe. Saproxylic beetles are among the key groups for the assessment of biodiversity in forest habitats and longhorn beetles may play an important role in bioindication as they are ecologically associated with various microhabitats and considered a very heterogeneous family of insects. To study the role of forest reserves as important habitats for saproxylic beetles, we compared cerambycid assemblages in corresponding pairs of sites (nature reserves and managed stands) in a forest region under high anthropogenic pressure (Upper Silesia, Poland, Central Europe). Moreover, we also intended to assess the role played by these beetles as bioindicators in the different forest types from this area. According to the obtained diversity index values, the most valuable stands are located in nature reserves, whilst sites with the lowest value included managed forests together with two homogeneous and relatively recently established nature reserves. Our analyses demonstrated a positive correlation between deadwood volume and biodiversity, for both species richness and abundance. Our results indicate that the decisive factor is the type of a given habitat, whose characteristics can be mainly influenced/determined by forest management. The potential role of longhorn beetles as bioindicators is highlighted and the effectiveness of using traps in this family, as well as general issues regarding the use of non-selective lethal traps in the study of single invertebrate groups in protected areas are discussed.