This study aimed to prospectively assess changes in muscle thickness (MT) and the cross-sectional area (CSA) of the rectus femoris (RF) muscle in a cohort of older adults, using musculoskeletal ultrasound at admission and at a 2-week follow-up during hospitalization in a post-acute care unit. Differences in frailty status and correlations of MT-RF and CSA-RF with current sarcopenia diagnostic criteria were also studied. Forty adults aged 79.5 (SD 9.5) years (57.5% women) participated, including 14 with frailty and 26 with pre-frailty. In the first week follow-up, men had a significant increase in MT (0.9 mm [95%CI 0.3 to 1.4], p = 0.003) and CSA (0.4 cm² [95%CI 0.1 to 0.6], p = 0.007). During the second week, men continued to have a significant increase in MT (0.7 mm [95%CI 0.0 to 1.4], p = 0.036) and CSA (0.6 cm² [95%CI 0.01 to 1.2], p = 0.048). Patients with frailty had lower values of MT-RF and CSA-RF at admission and during the hospitalization period. A moderate-to-good correlation of MT-RF and CSA with handgrip strength, fat-free mass and gait speed was observed. Musculoskeletal ultrasound was able to detect MT-RF and CSA-RF changes in older adults admitted to a post-acute care unit.

Resistance exercise and protein supplementation are recognized as effective treatment strategies for age-related sarcopenia; however, there are limited data on their feasibility, tolerability, and safety. The primary outcome of this study was feasibility, evaluated through the 15-item TELOS (Technological, Economics, Legal, Operational, and Scheduling) feasibility components and by recruitment, retention, and consent rates. Tolerability was measured by examining permanent treatment discontinuation, treatment interruption, exercise dose modification, early termination, rescheduling of missed sessions, losses to follow-up, attendance, and nutritional compliance. Safety was evaluated using the parameters provided by the European Medicines Agency, adapted for exercise interventions. Thirty-two subjects were recruited (average age 81.6 [SD 9.3] years). The TELOS components were assessed before the intervention; out of 15 questions relevant for successful implementation, 4 operational needs answers required specific actions to prevent potential barriers. The recruitment rate was 74%. Eleven patients (34.4%) had permanent treatment interruption (retention rate = 65.6%). Patients attended a mean of 23 (SD 12.0) exercise sessions, with a mean of 56 (SD 32.6) nutritional compliances. A total of 21 patients (65.6%) experienced adverse events unrelated to the intervention, while 7 patients (21.9%) presented adverse reactions to strength exercise. The main barriers to feasibility were operational components and recruitment challenges. Although the intervention was generally safe, the high rate of probable adverse effects, unrelated to the intervention but associated with the individual’s baseline health condition, may affect adherence to treatment programs of this kind.

Phase angle (PhA), a marker of nutritional status obtained by bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), is associated with the integrity of cell membranes. Damage to muscle fiber membranes can impact muscle strength, which is related to adverse outcomes in adults with advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD). The main objective of this study was to determine the usefulness of the PhA in identifying muscle weakness in candidates for kidney transplants (KTs). Secondly, it aimed to examine the associations of PhA with other parameters of body composition, exercise performance, and muscle structure. Sensitivity, specificity, and area under the receiver operating characteristics curve were used to evaluate the PhA (index test) as a biomarker of muscle weakness. Muscle strength was estimated with maximal voluntary isometric contraction of the quadriceps (MVCI-Q) of the dominant side. Muscle weakness was defined as MVIC-Q < 40% of body weight. A total of 119 patients were evaluated (mean age 63.7 years, 75.6% men). A phase angle cut-off of 5.1° was identified to classify men with a higher likelihood of having low muscle strength in upper limbs (MVIC-Q 40% of their body weight). Male KT candidates with PhA < 5.1° had poorer exercise capacity, lower muscle strength, less muscle mass, and smaller muscle size. A PhA < 5.1° was significantly associated with an eight-fold higher muscle weakness risk (OR = 8.2, 95%CI 2.3–29.2) in a binary regression model adjusted by age, frailty, and hydration status. Remarkably, PhA is an easily obtainable objective parameter in CKD patients, requiring no volitional effort from the individual. The associations of PhA with aerobic capacity, physical activity, muscle mass, and muscle size underscore its clinical relevance and potential utility in the comprehensive evaluation of these patients.

Background/Objectives: Despite the effectiveness of exercise and nutritional interventions to improve aerobic capacity and quality of life in lung transplant (LT) recipients, their compliance is low. Strategies to reduce the high attrition rate (participants lost over time) is a major challenge. Artificial neural networks (ANN) may assist in the early identification of patients with high risk of attrition. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the usefulness of ANNs to identify prognostic factors for high attrition rate of a 10-week rehabilitation program after a LT. Methods: This prospective observational study included first-time LT recipients over 18 years of age. The main outcome for each patient was the attrition rate, which was estimated by the amount of missing data accumulated during the study. Clinical variables including malnutrition, sarcopenia, and their individual components were assessed at baseline. An ANN and regression analysis were used to identify the factors determining a high attrition rate. Results: Of the 41 participants, 17 (41.4%) had a high rate of attrition in the rehabilitation program. Only 23 baseline variables had no missing data and were included in the analysis, from which a low age-dependent body mass index (BMI) was the most important conditioning factor for a high attrition rate (p = 7.08 × 10⁻⁵), followed by end-stage respiratory disease requiring PT (p = 0.000111), low health-related quality-of-life (HRQoL) (p = 0.0009078), and low handgrip strength (p = 0.023). Conclusions: The prevalence of high attrition rate in LT recipients is high. The profile of patients with a high probability of attrition includes those with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, low BMI and handgrip strength, and reduced HRQoL.