The objective of the present case series was to investigate the various computed tomography findings of six dogs diagnosed with extraskeletal osteosarcoma (exOSA) at several locations. Among the tumors evaluated, four were subcutaneous, one was mammary, and one involved the intestinal tract. Intralesional mineralization was observed in all six dogs. Most of the tumors were moderately calcified, exhibited amorphous mineralization, and were heterogeneous on post-contrast imaging. Three of the tumors were peripherally enhanced, and regional lymphadenopathy was identified in two of the dogs, which was presumed to be metastatic. No lymph node calcification was reported. Although the presence of intralesional mineralization is not a pathognomonic finding, it was consistently identified in the present case series. Therefore, exOSA should be considered in the differential diagnosis when mineralization occurs in a mass unrelated to osseous structures.

A 7-year-old neutered male Golden Retriever diagnosed with osteosarcoma of the left radius underwent limb amputation followed by adjuvant chemotherapy utilizing alternating carboplatin-doxorubicin protocols. Following doxorubicin administration, the patient exhibited localized heat, swelling, pain, and lameness in the right forelimb, indicative of phlebitis. Ultrasonography confirmed chemotherapy-induced phlebitis with thickening of the right cephalic vein wall, intraluminal thrombi, and significant perivascular edema. Treatment involved anti-inflammatory corticosteroids, oral medications (clopidogrel, pentoxifylline, doxycycline, vitamin E), and low-level laser therapy (LLLT), achieving clinical improvement. Despite successful control of chronic inflammation in the cephalic vein, phlebitis subsequently developed in other veins, including the right common dorsal digital vein and left saphenous vein, despite varying vascular access points. The patient showed clinical improvement with the combined use of oral medication and low-level laser therapy. The chemotherapy regimen was completed successfully without osteosarcoma recurrence, and the patient remained stable for over 13 months post-treatment. Following discontinuation of chemotherapy and supportive care, no further progression of phlebitis occurred. To the authors' knowledge, this report represents the first documented veterinary case of chemotherapy-induced phlebitis in a dog. While extensively reported in human oncology, chemotherapy-induced phlebitis remains underreported in veterinary medicine. Clinicians should recognize phlebitis as a potential complication associated with chemotherapeutic agents such as doxorubicin and carboplatin. Ultrasonography serves as an essential diagnostic and monitoring tool. Prophylactic corticosteroids and adjunctive low-level laser therapy offer promising preventative and therapeutic strategies, particularly for patients with predisposed vascular inflammation. This case underscores the importance of early identification, proactive management, and individualized treatment approaches to chemotherapy-associated phlebitis in veterinary oncology.

A 10-year-old castrated male Pomeranian was evaluated after a fall and presented with tetraparesis, dysphagia, and headturn. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a right occipital condyle fracture that caused brainstem compression and cerebellar infarction from a displaced bony fragment. According to the Anderson and Montesano classification in human medicine, this case was presumed to be Type 3, indicating instability, and surgical correction was considered. A bone fragment located in the medulla oblongata was left in situ owing to the potential risk of severe complications from removal. Occipitocervical stabilization surgery was performed to prevent further damage from instability. A patient-specific titanium implant was designed by CAD and fabricated by CNC milling, and screws were applied to the occiput and C1 vertebra using standard techniques, whereas a screw was inserted transversely into the C2 spinous process to minimize the risk of implant failure from neck flexion. Postoperative computed tomography (CT) confirmed proper implant placement without neural injury. Over time, the patient showed improvements in hypoglossal dysfunction and gait, and was discharged on postoperative day five. Occipital condyle fractures are rare in both veterinary and human medicine, with most cases classified as type 1 or 2, and typically do not require surgical intervention. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first peer-reviewed description of surgical stabilization of an occipital condyle fracture in a dog using a patient-specific, CNC-milled titanium implant. Conservative management of occipital condyle fracture and surgical stabilization of craniocervical junction fractures have been described previously, and the contribution of the present report lies in the implant design and fabrication workflow rather than in the surgical management of craniocervical injury per se .

Brimonidine stimulates the chemoreceptor trigger zone via alpha‐2 adrenergic receptors in the postrema of the medulla, which triggers vomiting in cats. This case report details the occurrence of central nervous system (CNS) depression following brimonidine administration to induce vomiting in a cat that had ingested a toxic substance. A 12‐year‐old neutered male American Shorthair cat was presented to the hospital after ingesting two leaves of Anthurium polyschistum , which is toxic to cats. 0.15% of brimonidine eye drops intended for ocular administration were accidentally administered onto the upper eyelids, resulting in the administration of four drops in total. Three incidents of projectile vomiting were then observed 30 min after the brimonidine administration. The cat began to show signs of CNS depression, including deep sedation and respiratory depression after vomiting. Brimonidine use was the suspected aetiology of the CNS depression. Atipamezole (200 µg/kg) was administered intramuscularly; after 5 min, the clinical signs of the CNS depression resolved. This case suggests that while brimonidine may serve as an effective emetic agent in feline patients, its systemic effects, particularly CNS depression, warrant careful monitoring. The potential impact of higher concentrations and increased dosing volume remains uncertain, highlighting the need for further research to establish safe and standardized dosing guidelines.

Dalhae Kim, Heejeong Hong, Kyunga Kim, Joohyun Jung. J Vet Clin 2025;42:45-8. https://doi.org/10.17555/jvc.2025.42.1.45

Case summary: A 12-year-old spayed female domestic shorthair cat with a weight of 4.5 kg and a body condition score of 3/9 presented with anorexia and vomiting. Feline hepatic lipidosis was diagnosed based on blood tests and ultrasound examination. Naso-oesophageal tube feeding was initiated, but hypersalivation persisted despite supportive care. As a result of poor feeding tolerance, a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube was placed for long-term enteral nutrition, with endoscopic confirmation of gastric placement. Two hours after the procedure, blood staining on the PEG tube bandage suggested bleeding at the insertion site. Abdominal ultrasonography and CT revealed splenic perforation. A laparoscopic partial splenectomy was performed successfully and the cat recovered without complications. Follow-up laboratory tests demonstrated a gradual improvement in haematological parameters, including haematocrit and total bilirubin. The cat remained clinically stable without further complications. Relevance and novel information: This report details the first documented case of splenic perforation during PEG tube placement in a cat, successfully managed through laparoscopic partial splenectomy. Minimally invasive laparoscopy has demonstrated efficacy in addressing rare complications, including splenic perforation associated with PEG tube placement in cats.