Neuroblastoma is the most common extracranial solid tumor found in childhood and is responsible for 15% of deaths among children with cancer. Although multimodal therapies focused on surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and stem cell transplants have favorable results in many cases, the use of conventional therapies has probably reached the limit their possibility. Almost half of the patients with neuroblastoma belong to the high-risk group. Patients in this group require a combination of several therapeutic approaches. It has been shown that various immunotherapies combined with conventional methods can work synergistically. Due to the development of such therapeutic methods, we present combinations and forms of combining immunotherapy, focusing on their mechanisms and benefits but also their limitations and potential side effects.

Background: Muscle Tension Dysphonia (MTD) is a common functional voice disorder characterized by excessive laryngeal and paralaryngeal muscle activity during phonation. The disorder negatively affects vocal quality, communication, occupational functioning, and quality of life. Aim: This narrative review summarizes current evidence regarding the pathophysiology, epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of Muscle Tension Dysphonia. Material and methods: A PRISMA-informed narrative literature review was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. Publications from 2003–2025 concerning functional dysphonia, laryngeal muscle tension, diagnostic methods, psychosocial factors, and voice therapy were analyzed. Results: Current evidence indicates that MTD is a multifactorial disorder associated with excessive laryngeal tension, maladaptive vocal behaviors, occupational voice overuse, stress, and impaired respiratory-phonatory coordination. Diagnostic assessment should include perceptual voice evaluation, videolaryngostroboscopy, acoustic analysis, and patient-reported outcome measures. Behavioral voice therapy remains the primary evidence-based treatment. Manual circumlaryngeal therapy, semi-occluded vocal tract exercises, respiratory retraining, and psychosocial interventions may additionally improve clinical outcomes. Conclusions: MTD is a complex biopsychosocial disorder requiring individualized and interdisciplinary management. Further high-quality studies are necessary to standardize diagnostic criteria and optimize therapeutic protocols.

Dermatillomania, also known as skin picking disorder, is a body-focused repetitive behavior associated with significant psychological and physical consequences, particularly among young adults. This narrative review aims to summarize current knowledge regarding its clinical characteristics, diagnostic approaches, prevalence, underlying triggers, and available treatment options, with a focus on its impact on mental health. A targeted literature search was conducted using PubMed and Google Scholar, including publications from 2015 to 2026. The findings indicate that dermatillomania is relatively common yet frequently underdiagnosed, with onset typically occurring during adolescence. The disorder is strongly associated with emotional dysregulation, stress, and anxiety, and often coexists with other psychiatric conditions such as depressive and anxiety disorders. It can lead to substantial impairment in daily functioning, reduced quality of life, and social withdrawal, largely due to feelings of shame and stigma. Diagnostic assessment relies on established clinical criteria supported by validated screening tools, although challenges in recognition persist. Therapeutic strategies emphasize a multidisciplinary approach. Psychotherapeutic interventions, particularly cognitive-behavioral therapy and habit reversal training, remain the cornerstone of treatment, while pharmacological options - such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and N-acetylcysteine - may provide additional benefit. Despite available interventions, there is still no standardized treatment protocol. In conclusion, dermatillomania represents a significant but often overlooked mental health issue requiring greater clinical awareness, improved diagnostic strategies, and further research to optimize treatment outcomes.

Background. Dupuytren’s contracture (DC) is a fibroproliferative disorder of the palmar fascia, characterized by progressive finger flexion deformities and impaired hand function. The condition has a multifactorial etiology, including genetic predisposition, metabolic factors (e.g., diabetes), and environmental factors such as microtrauma and occupational exposure. Its global prevalence is approximately 8%, highlighting the growing clinical need to optimize treatment strategies. The disorder is also frequently observed in athletes, particularly those engaged in sports involving repetitive hand use, such as field hockey. Objective. The aim of this narrative review is to provide a comprehensive synthesis of current evidence on the treatment of Dupuytren’s contracture (DD). The gathered data are intended to support clinical decision-making by comparing available therapeutic approaches. Material and methods. A narrative literature review was conducted using PubMed, covering studies published between 2016 and 2026. References in included articles were also screened. The analysis focused on comparing the effectiveness, recurrence, safety, and functional outcomes of surgical, minimally invasive, and non-surgical treatments. Results. Available evidence indicates that surgical treatment provides the most durable outcomes. Limited fasciectomy remains the reference standard in Dupuytren’s disease, offering the lowest recurrence rates, though it is associated with longer recovery and a higher risk of complications. Minimally invasive approaches enable faster recovery but are associated with higher recurrence rates. Non-surgical and emerging therapies currently lack robust supporting evidence. Conclusions. Treatment should be individualized, balancing effectiveness, recurrence risk, and recovery time. Further studies are needed to define the role of newer therapies and optimize management strategies

Introduction and purpose: Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S) is a multifactorial syndrome that negatively affects a wide range of physiological and psychological functions in athletes. It is often linked to high training loads, inadequate nutrition, and pressures related to performance and body composition. The pursuit of perfection in sport can encourage behaviors such as excessive training and restrictive eating, which increase the risk of developing RED-S. The purpose of this review is to summarize current knowledge on the causes, risks, and consequences of RED-S in athletes. It also aims to provide guidance for effective prevention and management strategies. State of knowledge: RED-S arises when athletes’ energy intake does not meet the demands of training and basic bodily functions, leading to disruptions in endocrine, metabolic, bone, and immune health, as well as mental well-being. It can affect both male and female athletes across a variety of sports, not only those emphasizing leanness. The condition can impair performance, slow recovery, and increase the risk of injuries. Growing awareness of RED-S has led to improvements in screening, diagnosis, and management practices within sports and clinical settings. Conclusions: Despite being motivated by high performance aspirations, striving for an ideal body composition or optimal performance can increase the risk of developing RED-S, which may lead to serious health consequences. Increasing awareness can help promote preventive measures and improve health among the athlete population.

Introduction The coexistence of Mayer Rokitansky Küster Hauser syndrome and fetal alcohol syndrome in a minor patient with intellectual disability represents a rare clinical and ethical legal situation. Particular complexity arises from the simultaneous presence of two aspects, the clinical justification for surgical intervention in the presence of functioning endometrium within rudimentary uterine structures, and the process of obtaining informed consent taking into account the patient’s cognitive limitations and the involvement of a legal representative. According to a search of the PubMed and Google Scholar databases using keywords related to MRKH, fetal alcohol syndrome, intellectual disability, and informed consent, no publications addressing these aspects jointly were identified. Aim To analyze a clinical case of Mayer Rokitansky Küster Hauser syndrome in a patient with fetal alcohol syndrome, with a focus on the justification of surgical management and the specifics of obtaining informed consent. Methods A clinical case of a 17-year-old patient with fetal alcohol syndrome, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and intellectual disability, evaluated for primary amenorrhea and cyclical lower abdominal pain, is presented. The diagnostic process was based on clinical assessment and imaging methods with karyotype confirmation. Decision making regarding treatment was accompanied by adaptation of communication, assessment of the patient’s decision-making capacity, and the involvement of a legal representative. Results Two non-communicating rudimentary uterine horns with signs of functioning endometrium were identified, which caused cyclical pelvic pain and constituted an indication for surgical treatment. Informed consent was obtained from both the patient and her foster mother following step by step explanation of the diagnosis and treatment options. Laparoscopic removal of the rudimentary uterine structures with bilateral salpingectomy was performed. Postoperatively, resolution of pain and improvement in quality of life were observed. Conclusions The presented clinical case demonstrates the need for coordinated consideration of clinical indications for surgical treatment in MRKH with functioning rudimentary structures and assessment of a minor patient’s capacity to provide informed consent with the involvement of a legal representative. The case illustrates the clinical rationale for intervention and the decision-making process in the context of intellectual disability.