Objective: To assess the effect of hysteroscopic polypectomy on the in vitro fertilization (IVF) results in infertile women with at least one prior negative IVF outcome. Methods: This retrospective cohort study included women who had attended the “2nd Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens” and “Iaso” Maternity Hospital from October 2019 to January 2023 for infertility treatment. The medical records of 345 women aged 18–45 years old without abnormal findings in hysterosalpingography (HSG) and with at least one previous failed IVF procedure were analyzed. The male factor was excluded, as well as a prior hysteroscopic removal of polyps. In 67 women, polyps were suspected during initial two-dimensional ultrasound (2D-US) examination. The final sample of the study comprised 40 patients, in which endometrial polyps were removed by hysteroscopy with the use of resectoscope. All patients underwent ovarian stimulation and IVF in the consecutive cycle using a short GnRh antagonist protocol. Main Results: After hysteroscopic polypectomy, 29 (72.5%) out of 40 patients had a positive pregnancy result: 26 (65%) clinical and 3 (7.5%) biochemical pregnancies were documented. There was a statistically significant difference between the number of clinical pregnancies before and after polypectomy (p < 0.001), as well as between the total number of pregnancies (p < 0.001). Secondary Results: Women with positive outcome were significantly younger and had significantly lower FSH levels (p < 0.007). They also had significantly higher AMH (p < 0.009) and peak estradiol levels (p < 0.013) and yielded more M II oocytes (p < 0.009) and embryos (p < 0.002). Conclusions: Hysteroscopic polypectomy in women with a suspected endometrial polyp using 2D ultrasound and a history of prior failed IVF attempt improves IVF outcomes in terms of the clinical and total number of pregnancies.

Background: In Greece, the cesarean section (CS) rate reached 62.15% in 2023. This study aims to document Greek obstetricians’ preferences and choices regarding the delivery mode of their own children. Methods: A questionnaire was emailed to Greek obstetricians, capturing demographics, preferred and actual delivery modes, regrets about delivery choices, and opinions on factors contributing to the high CS rate. Results: Of the 337 respondents, 78.8% preferred normal labor, but only 55.8% reported a vaginal delivery for their first child. Only 31% would opt for vaginal birth after CS. Male and married obstetricians were more likely to prefer vaginal birth, while those with more children or children born earlier were more likely to have delivered vaginally their first child. Partner preference influenced both the obstetrician’s choice and the actual delivery mode. According to Greek obstetricians, the primary reasons for the high CS rate are hostile medico-legal conditions (56.3%), advanced maternal age and in vitro fertilization (42.6%), and lack of training in instrumental deliveries (37.2%). Maternal request was cited by 25% of respondents. Conclusions: Although four in five Greek obstetricians favor normal labor for their own children, the CS rate among them mirrors that of the general population. Convenience scheduling does not appear to drive Greece’s high CS rate. Obstetricians suggest that legislative reforms, improved training, and public health strategies to reduce maternal CS requests are essential for lowering the CS rate.