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Matthew E. Verbyla
Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA

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Commentary
Published: 20 May 2021 in Sustainability
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User-friendly, evidence-based scientific tools to support sanitation decisions are still limited in the water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) sector. This commentary provides lessons learned from the development of two sanitation decision support tools developed in collaboration with stakeholders in Uganda. We engaged with stakeholders in a variety of ways to effectively obtain their input in the development of the decision support tools. Key lessons learned included: tailoring tools to stakeholder decision-making needs; simplifying the tools as much as possible for ease of application and use; creating an enabling environment that allows active stakeholder participation; having a dedicated and responsive team to plan and execute stakeholder engagement activities; involving stakeholders early in the process; having funding sources that are flexible and long-term; and including resources for the acquisition of local data. This reflection provides benchmarks for future research and the development of tools that utilize scientific data and emphasizes the importance of engaging with stakeholders in the development process.

ACS Style

Innocent Tumwebaze; Joan Rose; Nynke Hofstra; Matthew Verbyla; Daniel Okaali; Panagis Katsivelis; Heather Murphy. Bridging Science and Practice-Importance of Stakeholders in the Development of Decision Support: Lessons Learned. Sustainability 2021, 13, 5744 .

AMA Style

Innocent Tumwebaze, Joan Rose, Nynke Hofstra, Matthew Verbyla, Daniel Okaali, Panagis Katsivelis, Heather Murphy. Bridging Science and Practice-Importance of Stakeholders in the Development of Decision Support: Lessons Learned. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (10):5744.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Innocent Tumwebaze; Joan Rose; Nynke Hofstra; Matthew Verbyla; Daniel Okaali; Panagis Katsivelis; Heather Murphy. 2021. "Bridging Science and Practice-Importance of Stakeholders in the Development of Decision Support: Lessons Learned." Sustainability 13, no. 10: 5744.

Journal article
Published: 01 May 2021 in Environmental Engineering Science
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Communities of color are disproportionately burdened by environmental pollution and by obstacles to influence policies that impact environmental health. Black, Hispanic, and Native American students and faculty are also largely underrepresented in environmental engineering programs in the United States. Nearly 80 participants of a workshop at the 2019 Association of Environmental Engineering and Science Professors (AEESP) Research and Education Conference developed recommendations for reversing these trends. Workshop participants identified factors for success in academia, which included adopting a broader definition for the impact of research and teaching. Participants also supported the use of community-based participatory research and classroom action research methods in engineering programs for recruiting, retaining, and supporting the transition of underrepresented students into professional and academic careers. However, institutions must also evolve to recognize the academic value of community-based work to enable faculty, especially underrepresented minority faculty, who use it effectively, to succeed in tenure promotions. Workshop discussions elucidated potential causal relationships between factors that influence the co-creation of research related to academic skills, community skills, mutual trust, and shared knowledge. Based on the discussions from this workshop, we propose a pathway for increasing diversity and community participation in the environmental engineering discipline by exposing students to community-based participatory methods, establishing action research groups for faculty, broadening the definition of research impact to improve tenure promotion experiences for minority faculty, and using a mixed methods approach to evaluate its impact.

ACS Style

Lupita D. Montoya; Lorelay M. Mendoza; Christine Prouty; Maya Trotz; Matthew E. Verbyla. Environmental Engineering for the 21st Century: Increasing Diversity and Community Participation to Achieve Environmental and Social Justice. Environmental Engineering Science 2021, 38, 288 -297.

AMA Style

Lupita D. Montoya, Lorelay M. Mendoza, Christine Prouty, Maya Trotz, Matthew E. Verbyla. Environmental Engineering for the 21st Century: Increasing Diversity and Community Participation to Achieve Environmental and Social Justice. Environmental Engineering Science. 2021; 38 (5):288-297.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lupita D. Montoya; Lorelay M. Mendoza; Christine Prouty; Maya Trotz; Matthew E. Verbyla. 2021. "Environmental Engineering for the 21st Century: Increasing Diversity and Community Participation to Achieve Environmental and Social Justice." Environmental Engineering Science 38, no. 5: 288-297.

Journal article
Published: 01 May 2021 in Environmental Engineering Science
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Individuals experiencing unsheltered homelessness face significant barriers to accessing water, sanitation, and hygiene services, but the risks associated with this lack of access and barriers to service provision have been largely understudied. We analyzed water samples upstream and downstream of three homeless encampments in the San Diego River watershed and interviewed service providers from public and nonprofit sectors to assess local perceptions about challenges and potential solutions for water and sanitation service provision in this context. Water upstream from encampments contained detectable levels of caffeine and sucralose. Escherichia coli concentrations downstream of the encampments were significantly greater than concentrations upstream, but there was no significant change in the concentrations of other pollutants, including caffeine and sucralose. The HF183 marker of Bacteroides was only detected in one sample upstream of an encampment and was not detected downstream. Overall, there was insufficient evidence to suggest that the encampments studied here were responsible for contributing pollution to the river. Nevertheless, the presence of caffeine, sucralose, and HF183 indicated that there are anthropogenic sources of contamination in the river during dry weather and potential risks associated with the use of this water by encampment residents. Interviews with service providers revealed perceptions that the provision of water and sanitation services for this population would be prohibitively expensive. Interviewees also reported perceptions that most riverbank residents avoided contact with service providers, which may present challenges for the provision of water and sanitation service unless trust is first built between service providers and residents of riverine encampments.

ACS Style

Matthew E. Verbyla; Jose S. Calderon; Shawn Flanigan; Mireille Garcia; Rick Gersberg; Alicia M. Kinoshita; Natalie Mladenov; Federick Pinongcos; Megan Welsh. An Assessment of Ambient Water Quality and Challenges with Access to Water and Sanitation Services for Individuals Experiencing Homelessness in Riverine Encampments. Environmental Engineering Science 2021, 38, 389 -401.

AMA Style

Matthew E. Verbyla, Jose S. Calderon, Shawn Flanigan, Mireille Garcia, Rick Gersberg, Alicia M. Kinoshita, Natalie Mladenov, Federick Pinongcos, Megan Welsh. An Assessment of Ambient Water Quality and Challenges with Access to Water and Sanitation Services for Individuals Experiencing Homelessness in Riverine Encampments. Environmental Engineering Science. 2021; 38 (5):389-401.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Matthew E. Verbyla; Jose S. Calderon; Shawn Flanigan; Mireille Garcia; Rick Gersberg; Alicia M. Kinoshita; Natalie Mladenov; Federick Pinongcos; Megan Welsh. 2021. "An Assessment of Ambient Water Quality and Challenges with Access to Water and Sanitation Services for Individuals Experiencing Homelessness in Riverine Encampments." Environmental Engineering Science 38, no. 5: 389-401.

Journal article
Published: 19 February 2021 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Homelessness is a persistent problem in the United States in general and in Southern California especially. While progress has been made in reducing the number of people experiencing homelessness in the United States from 2007 (647,000) to 2019 (567,000), it remains an entrenched problem. The purpose of this paper is to outline a novel, interdisciplinary academic-practice partnership model to address homelessness. Where singular disciplinary approaches may fall short in substantially reducing homelessness at the community and population level, our model draws from a collective impact model which coordinates discipline-specific approaches through mutually reinforcing activities and shared metrics of progress and impact to foster synergy and sustainability of efforts. This paper describes the necessary capacity-building at the institution and community level for the model, the complementary strengths and contributions of each stakeholder discipline in the proposed model, and future goals for implementation to address homelessness in the Southern California region.

ACS Style

Mounah Abdel-Samad; Jerel Calzo; Jennifer Felner; Lianne Urada; Matthew Verbyla; Hala Madanat; Brian Adams; Thais Alves; Bruce Appleyard; Joshua Chanin; Shawn Flanigan; Hisham Foad; Maya Ginsberg; Matthew Higgins; Eunjeong Ko; Kristen Maher; Natalie Mladenov; Peggy Peattie; Megan Welsh; David Sleet. Conceptualizing an Interdisciplinary Collective Impact Approach to Examine and Intervene in the Chronic Cycle of Homelessness. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 2020 .

AMA Style

Mounah Abdel-Samad, Jerel Calzo, Jennifer Felner, Lianne Urada, Matthew Verbyla, Hala Madanat, Brian Adams, Thais Alves, Bruce Appleyard, Joshua Chanin, Shawn Flanigan, Hisham Foad, Maya Ginsberg, Matthew Higgins, Eunjeong Ko, Kristen Maher, Natalie Mladenov, Peggy Peattie, Megan Welsh, David Sleet. Conceptualizing an Interdisciplinary Collective Impact Approach to Examine and Intervene in the Chronic Cycle of Homelessness. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (4):2020.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mounah Abdel-Samad; Jerel Calzo; Jennifer Felner; Lianne Urada; Matthew Verbyla; Hala Madanat; Brian Adams; Thais Alves; Bruce Appleyard; Joshua Chanin; Shawn Flanigan; Hisham Foad; Maya Ginsberg; Matthew Higgins; Eunjeong Ko; Kristen Maher; Natalie Mladenov; Peggy Peattie; Megan Welsh; David Sleet. 2021. "Conceptualizing an Interdisciplinary Collective Impact Approach to Examine and Intervene in the Chronic Cycle of Homelessness." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 4: 2020.

Review
Published: 16 August 2020 in International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health
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Heat treatment, or thermal disinfection, is one of the simplest disinfection methods, and is widely used in the water, sanitation, and food sectors, especially in low resource settings. Pathogen reductions achieved during heat treatment are influenced by a combination of temperature and exposure time. The objective of this paper was to construct updated time-temperature pathogen inactivation curves to define “safety zones” for the reduction of four pathogen groups (bacteria, viruses, protozoan (oo)cysts, and helminth eggs) during heat treatment in a variety of matrices. A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to determine the times needed to achieve specified levels of pathogen reduction at different temperatures. Web of Science was searched using a Boolean string to target studies of heat treatment and pasteurization systems that exposed pathogens in water, wastewater, biosolids, soil, or food matrices to temperatures between 20 °C and 95 °C. Data were extracted from tables or figures and regression was used to assess the relationship between time and temperature. Our findings indicate that the temperatures and times needed to achieve a 1-log10 reduction of all pathogen groups are likely higher and longer, respectively, than previously reported. The type of microorganism and the matrix significantly impact T90 values reported at different temperatures. At high temperatures, the time-temperature curves are controlled by thermally stable viruses such as hepatitis A virus. Data gaps include the lack of data on protozoa, and the lack of data on all pathogen groups at low temperatures, for long exposure times, and with high log10 reductions. The findings from this study can be used by engineers, food safety specialists for the planning and design of engineered water, sanitation, and food pasteurization and treatment systems.

ACS Style

Maria Fernanda Espinosa; A. Natanael Sancho; Lorelay M. Mendoza; César Rossas Mota; Matthew E. Verbyla. Systematic review and meta-analysis of time-temperature pathogen inactivation. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health 2020, 230, 113595 .

AMA Style

Maria Fernanda Espinosa, A. Natanael Sancho, Lorelay M. Mendoza, César Rossas Mota, Matthew E. Verbyla. Systematic review and meta-analysis of time-temperature pathogen inactivation. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health. 2020; 230 ():113595.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Maria Fernanda Espinosa; A. Natanael Sancho; Lorelay M. Mendoza; César Rossas Mota; Matthew E. Verbyla. 2020. "Systematic review and meta-analysis of time-temperature pathogen inactivation." International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health 230, no. : 113595.

Journal article
Published: 01 March 2017 in Water Research
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Current microbial water quality monitoring is generally limited to culture-based measurements of fecal indicator bacteria (FIB). Given the many possible sources of fecal pollution within a watershed and extra-intestinal FIB reservoirs, it is important to determine source(s) of fecal pollution as a means to improve water quality and protect public health. The principal objective of this investigation was to characterize the microbial water quality of shellfish harvesting areas in the Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica during 2015. In order to achieve this objective, the specificity and sensitivity of 11 existing microbial source tracking (MST) PCR assays, associated with cows (BacCow), dogs (BacCan, DogBac), domestic wastewater (PMMoV), general avian (GFD), gulls (Gull2), horses (HorseBac, HoF), humans (HF183, HPyV), and pigs (PF), were evaluated using domestic wastewater and animal fecal samples collected from the region. The sensitivity of animal-associated assays ranged from 13 to 100%, while assay specificity ranged from 38 to 100%. The specificity of pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) and human polyomavirus (HPyV) was 100% for domestic wastewater, as compared to 94% specificity of the HF183 Bacteroidales marker. PMMoV was identified as a useful domestic wastewater-associated marker, with concentrations as high as 1.1 × 105 copies/ml and 100% sensitivity and specificity. Monthly surface water samples collected from four shellfish harvesting areas were analyzed using culture-based methods for Escherichia coli as well as molecular methods for FIB and a suite of MST markers, which were selected for their specificity in the region. While culturable E. coli results suggested possible fecal pollution during the monitoring period, the absence of human/domestic wastewater-associated markers and low FIB concentrations determined using molecular methods indicated sufficient microbial water quality for shellfish harvesting. This is the first study to our knowledge to test the performance of MST markers in Costa Rica as well as in Central America. Given the lack of wastewater treatment and the presence of secondary sources of FIB, this study highlights the importance of an MST toolbox approach to characterize water quality in tropical regions. Furthermore, it confirms and extends the geographic range of PMMoV as an effective tool for monitoring domestic wastewater pollution.

ACS Style

E.M. Symonds; S. Young; M.E. Verbyla; S.M. McQuaig-Ulrich; E. Ross; J.A. Jiménez; V.J. Harwood; M. Breitbart. Microbial source tracking in shellfish harvesting waters in the Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica. Water Research 2017, 111, 177 -184.

AMA Style

E.M. Symonds, S. Young, M.E. Verbyla, S.M. McQuaig-Ulrich, E. Ross, J.A. Jiménez, V.J. Harwood, M. Breitbart. Microbial source tracking in shellfish harvesting waters in the Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica. Water Research. 2017; 111 ():177-184.

Chicago/Turabian Style

E.M. Symonds; S. Young; M.E. Verbyla; S.M. McQuaig-Ulrich; E. Ross; J.A. Jiménez; V.J. Harwood; M. Breitbart. 2017. "Microbial source tracking in shellfish harvesting waters in the Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica." Water Research 111, no. : 177-184.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2017 in Environmental Engineering Science
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The environmental engineering discipline has focused much of its historical efforts in developing regions of the world on advancing environmental sustainability through improving provision of water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) services. However, the skills and expertise that reside within the discipline of environmental engineering are fundamental to achieve a much broader range of sustainable development goals, including those related to health, climate, water, energy, and food security; economic development; and reduction of social inequalities. Accordingly, this article critically reviews several focus areas where environmental engineering should assume a more active presence in the global community that seeks to achieve sustainability in developing regions of the world. The 10 environmental engineering Grand Challenges for the developing world covered are: (1) understand the historical perspective of the discipline's connection with public health as the field transitions forward; (2) integrate the differences encountered when operating over rural to urban locations; (3) address emissions of greenhouse gases and other important carbon-containing pollutants; (4) understand the link between development and health to better connect health outcomes and reduction in risk with ecosystem management and other development interventions; (5) address the complex interactions of water energy systems; (6) integrate the synergy inherent in development/sustainability goals of WASH, food security, and resource recovery; (7) transition to a green economy; (8) advance monitoring, evaluation, and assessment activities that include life cycle assessment, (9) integrate culture, perception, and behavior with advances in science and technology, and (10) educate globally competent engineers. Our hope is that this discussion leads to a better world through monumental improvements in the environment and human well-being and drives new innovations and opportunities in research, education, practice, and service.

ACS Style

James R. Mihelcic; Colleen C. Naughton; Matthew Verbyla; Qiong Zhang; Ryan W. Schweitzer; Stewart M. Oakley; E. Christian Wells; Linda M. Whiteford. The Grandest Challenge of All: The Role of Environmental Engineering to Achieve Sustainability in the World's Developing Regions. Environmental Engineering Science 2017, 34, 16 -41.

AMA Style

James R. Mihelcic, Colleen C. Naughton, Matthew Verbyla, Qiong Zhang, Ryan W. Schweitzer, Stewart M. Oakley, E. Christian Wells, Linda M. Whiteford. The Grandest Challenge of All: The Role of Environmental Engineering to Achieve Sustainability in the World's Developing Regions. Environmental Engineering Science. 2017; 34 (1):16-41.

Chicago/Turabian Style

James R. Mihelcic; Colleen C. Naughton; Matthew Verbyla; Qiong Zhang; Ryan W. Schweitzer; Stewart M. Oakley; E. Christian Wells; Linda M. Whiteford. 2017. "The Grandest Challenge of All: The Role of Environmental Engineering to Achieve Sustainability in the World's Developing Regions." Environmental Engineering Science 34, no. 1: 16-41.

Journal article
Published: 01 May 2016 in Science of The Total Environment
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Wastewater use for irrigation is expanding globally, and information about the fate and transport of pathogens in wastewater systems is needed to complete microbial risk assessments and develop policies to protect public health. The lack of maintenance for wastewater treatment facilities in low-income areas and developing countries results in sludge accumulation and compromised performance over time, creating uncertainty about the contamination of soil and crops. The fate and transport of pathogens and fecal indicators was evaluated in waste stabilization ponds with direct reuse for irrigation, using two systems in Bolivia as case studies. Results were compared with models from the literature that have been recommended for design. The removal of Escherichia coli in both systems was adequately predicted by a previously-published dispersed flow model, despite more than 10years of sludge accumulation. However, a design equation for helminth egg removal overestimated the observed removal, suggesting that this equation may not be appropriate for systems with accumulated sludge. To assess the contamination of soil and crops, ratios were calculated of the pathogen and fecal indicator concentrations in soil or on crops to their respective concentrations in irrigation water (termed soil-water and crop-water ratios). Ratios were similar within each group of microorganisms but differed between microorganism groups, and were generally below 0.1mLg(-1) for coliphage, between 1 and 100mLg(-1) for Giardia and Cryptosporidium, and between 100 and 1000mLg(-1) for helminth eggs. This information can be used for microbial risk assessments to develop safe water reuse policies in support of the United Nations' 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda.

ACS Style

M.E. Verbyla; M.M. Iriarte; A. Mercado Guzmán; O. Coronado; M. Almanza; J.R. Mihelcic. Pathogens and fecal indicators in waste stabilization pond systems with direct reuse for irrigation: Fate and transport in water, soil and crops. Science of The Total Environment 2016, 551-552, 429 -437.

AMA Style

M.E. Verbyla, M.M. Iriarte, A. Mercado Guzmán, O. Coronado, M. Almanza, J.R. Mihelcic. Pathogens and fecal indicators in waste stabilization pond systems with direct reuse for irrigation: Fate and transport in water, soil and crops. Science of The Total Environment. 2016; 551-552 ():429-437.

Chicago/Turabian Style

M.E. Verbyla; M.M. Iriarte; A. Mercado Guzmán; O. Coronado; M. Almanza; J.R. Mihelcic. 2016. "Pathogens and fecal indicators in waste stabilization pond systems with direct reuse for irrigation: Fate and transport in water, soil and crops." Science of The Total Environment 551-552, no. : 429-437.

Research article
Published: 06 April 2016 in Environmental Science & Technology
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Limited clean water supplies in urbanizing watersheds create challenges for safely sustaining irrigated agriculture and global food security. On-farm interventions, such as riverbank filtration (RBF), are used in developing countries to treat irrigation water from rivers with extensive fecal contamination. Using a Bayesian approach incorporating ethnographic data and pathogen measurements, quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) methods were employed to assess the impact of RBF on consumer health burdens for Giardia, Cryptosporidium, rotavirus, norovirus, and adenovirus infections resulting from indirect wastewater reuse, with lettuce irrigation in Bolivia as a model system. Concentrations of microbial source tracking markers for pepper mild mottle virus and HF183 Bacteroides were respectively 2.9 and 5.5 log10 units lower in RBF-treated water than in the river water. Consumption of lettuce irrigated with river water caused an estimated median health burden that represents 37% of Bolivia’s overall diarrheal disease burden, but RBF resulted in an estimated health burden that is only 1.1% of this overall diarrheal disease burden. Variability and uncertainty associated with environmental and cultural factors affecting exposure correlated more with QMRA-predicted health outcomes than factors related to disease vulnerability. Policies governing simple on-farm interventions like RBF can be intermediary solutions for communities in urbanizing watersheds that currently lack wastewater treatment.

ACS Style

Matthew Verbyla; Erin M. Symonds; Ram C. Kafle; Maryann R. Cairns; Mercedes Iriarte; Alvaro Mercado Guzmán; Olver Coronado; Mya Breitbart; Carmen Ledo; James R. Mihelcic. Managing Microbial Risks from Indirect Wastewater Reuse for Irrigation in Urbanizing Watersheds. Environmental Science & Technology 2016, 50, 6803 -6813.

AMA Style

Matthew Verbyla, Erin M. Symonds, Ram C. Kafle, Maryann R. Cairns, Mercedes Iriarte, Alvaro Mercado Guzmán, Olver Coronado, Mya Breitbart, Carmen Ledo, James R. Mihelcic. Managing Microbial Risks from Indirect Wastewater Reuse for Irrigation in Urbanizing Watersheds. Environmental Science & Technology. 2016; 50 (13):6803-6813.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Matthew Verbyla; Erin M. Symonds; Ram C. Kafle; Maryann R. Cairns; Mercedes Iriarte; Alvaro Mercado Guzmán; Olver Coronado; Mya Breitbart; Carmen Ledo; James R. Mihelcic. 2016. "Managing Microbial Risks from Indirect Wastewater Reuse for Irrigation in Urbanizing Watersheds." Environmental Science & Technology 50, no. 13: 6803-6813.

Journal article
Published: 01 October 2015 in Science of The Total Environment
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As the demand for reliable and safe water supplies increases, both water quality and available quantity are being challenged by population growth and climate change. Greywater reuse is becoming a common practice worldwide; however, in remote locations of limited water supply, such as those encountered in military installations, it is desirable to expand its classification to include dishwashing water to maximize the conservation of fresh water. Given that no standards for dishwashing greywater reuse by the military are currently available, the current study determined a specific set of water quality standards for dishwater recycling systems for U.S. military field operations. A tentative water reuse standard for dishwashing water was developed based on federal and state regulations and guidelines for non-potable water, and the developed standard was cross-evaluated by monitoring water quality data from a full-scale dishwashing water recycling system using an innovative electrocoagulation and ultrafiltration process. Quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) was also performed based on exposure scenarios derived from literature data. As a result, a specific set of dishwashing water reuse standards for field analysis (simple, but accurate) was finalized as follows: turbidity (<1 NTU), Escherichia coli (<50 cfu mL(-1)), and pH (6-9). UV254 was recommended as a surrogate for organic contaminants (e.g., BOD5), but requires further calibration steps for validation. The developed specific water standard is the first for dishwashing water reuse and will be expected to ensure that water quality is safe for field operations, but not so stringent that design complexity, cost, and operational and maintenance requirements will not be feasible for field use. In addition the parameters can be monitored using simple equipment in a field setting with only modest training requirements and real-time or rapid sample turn-around. This standard may prove useful in future development of civilian guidelines.

ACS Style

Jared Church; Matthew Verbyla; Woo Hyoung Lee; Andrew A. Randall; Ted J. Amundsen; Dustin J. Zastrow. Dishwashing water recycling system and related water quality standards for military use. Science of The Total Environment 2015, 529, 275 -284.

AMA Style

Jared Church, Matthew Verbyla, Woo Hyoung Lee, Andrew A. Randall, Ted J. Amundsen, Dustin J. Zastrow. Dishwashing water recycling system and related water quality standards for military use. Science of The Total Environment. 2015; 529 ():275-284.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jared Church; Matthew Verbyla; Woo Hyoung Lee; Andrew A. Randall; Ted J. Amundsen; Dustin J. Zastrow. 2015. "Dishwashing water recycling system and related water quality standards for military use." Science of The Total Environment 529, no. : 275-284.

Journal article
Published: 17 August 2015 in WIREs Water
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Natural wastewater treatment systems have been used for centuries to recover resources through agriculture and aquaculture water reuse. Because the management of wastewater using natural methods relies on the integration of environmental, engineered, economic, and social systems, pathogens cannot be effectively monitored and controlled in these systems using a single approach or a single indicator organism (e.g., monitoring for coliform indicator bacteria). Different types of pathogens are removed at different rates in natural wastewater treatment systems and certain diseases are more important in some regions than they are in others. For natural systems in tropical regions that incorporate water reuse for agriculture or aquaculture, parasites such as soil‐transmitted helminths, Schistosoma, Taenia, or food‐transmitted trematodes may be of greater public health concern than some bacterial pathogens. Professionals and practitioners must consider how social and environmental systems might be shaped by the use of natural wastewater management systems, and how, in turn, natural wastewater management may impact existing socio‐environmental relationships. Because of this, effective pathogen monitoring and control in natural wastewater treatment systems requires coordinated participation from stakeholders in multiple sectors.For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.

ACS Style

Matthew E. Verbyla; Maryann R. Cairns; Paola A. Gonzalez; Linda M. Whiteford; James R. Mihelcic. Emerging challenges for pathogen control and resource recovery in natural wastewater treatment systems. WIREs Water 2015, 2, 701 -714.

AMA Style

Matthew E. Verbyla, Maryann R. Cairns, Paola A. Gonzalez, Linda M. Whiteford, James R. Mihelcic. Emerging challenges for pathogen control and resource recovery in natural wastewater treatment systems. WIREs Water. 2015; 2 (6):701-714.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Matthew E. Verbyla; Maryann R. Cairns; Paola A. Gonzalez; Linda M. Whiteford; James R. Mihelcic. 2015. "Emerging challenges for pathogen control and resource recovery in natural wastewater treatment systems." WIREs Water 2, no. 6: 701-714.

Conference paper
Published: 08 July 2015 in 2015 ASEE Annual Conference and Exposition
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ACS Style

Kevin Orner; Christine Prouty; Colleen Naughton; Nathan Manser; Matthew Verbyla; Maya Trotz; James Mihelcic. Exploring the Expanding Impact of a Sustainable Development Engineering Course Through a Critical Evolutionary Review. 2015 ASEE Annual Conference and Exposition 2015, 27 -27.

AMA Style

Kevin Orner, Christine Prouty, Colleen Naughton, Nathan Manser, Matthew Verbyla, Maya Trotz, James Mihelcic. Exploring the Expanding Impact of a Sustainable Development Engineering Course Through a Critical Evolutionary Review. 2015 ASEE Annual Conference and Exposition. 2015; ():27-27.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kevin Orner; Christine Prouty; Colleen Naughton; Nathan Manser; Matthew Verbyla; Maya Trotz; James Mihelcic. 2015. "Exploring the Expanding Impact of a Sustainable Development Engineering Course Through a Critical Evolutionary Review." 2015 ASEE Annual Conference and Exposition , no. : 27-27.

Conference paper
Published: 08 July 2015 in 2015 ASEE Annual Conference and Exposition
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ACS Style

Nathan Manser; Colleen Naughton; Matthew Verbyla; Christine Prouty; Kevin Orner; James Mihelcic. Improving the Global Competency of Graduate Engineers Through Peace Corps Partnership and Long-term International Service. 2015 ASEE Annual Conference and Exposition 2015, 27 -27.

AMA Style

Nathan Manser, Colleen Naughton, Matthew Verbyla, Christine Prouty, Kevin Orner, James Mihelcic. Improving the Global Competency of Graduate Engineers Through Peace Corps Partnership and Long-term International Service. 2015 ASEE Annual Conference and Exposition. 2015; ():27-27.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nathan Manser; Colleen Naughton; Matthew Verbyla; Christine Prouty; Kevin Orner; James Mihelcic. 2015. "Improving the Global Competency of Graduate Engineers Through Peace Corps Partnership and Long-term International Service." 2015 ASEE Annual Conference and Exposition , no. : 27-27.

Review
Published: 01 March 2015 in Water Research
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Wastewater treatment ponds (lagoons) are one of the most common types of technologies used for wastewater management worldwide, especially in small cities and towns. They are particularly well-suited for systems where the effluent is reused for irrigation. However, the efficiency of virus removal in wastewater treatment pond systems is not very well understood. The main objective of this paper is to critically review the major findings related to virus removal in wastewater treatment pond systems and to statistically analyze results reported in the literature from field studies on virus removal in these systems. A comprehensive analysis of virus removal reported in the literature from 71 different wastewater treatment pond systems reveals only a weak to moderate correlation of virus removal with theoretical hydraulic retention time. On average, one log10 reduction of viruses was achieved for every 14.5-20.9 days of retention, but the 95th percentile value of the data analyzed was 54 days. The mechanisms responsible for virus removal in wastewater treatment ponds were also reviewed. One recent finding is that sedimentation may not be a significant virus removal mechanism in some wastewater ponds. Recent research has also revealed that direct and indirect sunlight-mediated mechanisms are not only dependent on pond water chemistry and optics, but also on the characteristics of the virus and its genome. MS2 coliphage is considered to be the best surrogate for studying sunlight disinfection in ponds. The interaction of viruses with particles, with other microorganisms, and with macroinvertebrates in wastewater treatment ponds has not been extensively studied. It is also unclear whether virus internalization by higher trophic-level organisms has a protective or a detrimental effect on virus viability and transport in pond systems. Similarly, the impact of virus-particle associations on sunlight disinfection in ponds is not well understood. Future research should focus on the interactions of viruses with particles and with other organisms, as well as the development of a model for virus removal in pond systems that can be used for design purposes, and to inform future editions of the WHO Guidelines for Wastewater Use in Agriculture.

ACS Style

Matthew E. Verbyla; James R. Mihelcic. A review of virus removal in wastewater treatment pond systems. Water Research 2015, 71, 107 -124.

AMA Style

Matthew E. Verbyla, James R. Mihelcic. A review of virus removal in wastewater treatment pond systems. Water Research. 2015; 71 ():107-124.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Matthew E. Verbyla; James R. Mihelcic. 2015. "A review of virus removal in wastewater treatment pond systems." Water Research 71, no. : 107-124.

Journal article
Published: 02 August 2014 in Water Research
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Wastewater treatment ponds (WTP) are one of the most widespread treatment technologies in the world; however, the mechanisms and extent of enteric virus removal in these systems are poorly understood. Two WTP systems in Bolivia, with similar overall hydraulic retention times but different first stages of treatment, were analyzed for enteric virus removal. One system consisted of a facultative pond followed by two maturation ponds (three-pond system) and the other consisted of an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor followed by two maturation (polishing) ponds (UASB-pond system). Quantitative polymerase chain reaction with reverse transcription (RT-qPCR) was used to measure concentrations of norovirus, rotavirus, and pepper mild mottle virus, while cell culture methods were used to measure concentrations of culturable enteroviruses (EV). Limited virus removal was observed with RT-qPCR in either system; however, the three-pond system removed culturable EV with greater efficiency than the UASB-pond system. The majority of viruses were not associated with particles and only a small proportion was associated with particles larger than 180 μm; thus, it is unlikely that sedimentation is a major mechanism of virus removal. High concentrations of viruses were associated with particles between 0.45 and 180 μm in the UASB reactor effluent, but not in the facultative pond effluent. The association of viruses with this size class of particles may explain why only minimal virus removal was observed in the UASB-pond system. Quantitative microbial risk assessment of the treated effluent for reuse for restricted irrigation indicated that the three-pond system effluent requires an additional 1- to 2-log10 reduction of viruses to achieve the WHO health target of <10−4 disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) lost per person per year; however, the UASB-pond system effluent may require an additional 2.5- to 4.5-log10 reduction of viruses.

ACS Style

E.M. Symonds; M.E. Verbyla; J.O. Lukasik; R.C. Kafle; M. Breitbart; J.R. Mihelcic. A case study of enteric virus removal and insights into the associated risk of water reuse for two wastewater treatment pond systems in Bolivia. Water Research 2014, 65, 257 -270.

AMA Style

E.M. Symonds, M.E. Verbyla, J.O. Lukasik, R.C. Kafle, M. Breitbart, J.R. Mihelcic. A case study of enteric virus removal and insights into the associated risk of water reuse for two wastewater treatment pond systems in Bolivia. Water Research. 2014; 65 ():257-270.

Chicago/Turabian Style

E.M. Symonds; M.E. Verbyla; J.O. Lukasik; R.C. Kafle; M. Breitbart; J.R. Mihelcic. 2014. "A case study of enteric virus removal and insights into the associated risk of water reuse for two wastewater treatment pond systems in Bolivia." Water Research 65, no. : 257-270.

Journal article
Published: 24 October 2013 in Water Science and Technology
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The objective of this study is to compare the removal of Taenia eggs to the removal of Ascaris eggs in a wastewater stabilization pond system consisting of three ponds in series, where the hydraulic residence time distribution has been characterized via a tracer study supported by computational fluid dynamics modeling. Despite a theoretical hydraulic retention time of 30 days, the peak dye concentration was measured in the effluent of the first pond after only 26 hours. The smaller-sized Taenia eggs were detected in higher concentrations than Ascaris eggs in the raw wastewater. Ascaris eggs were not detected in the pond system effluent, but 45 Taenia eggs/L were detected in the system effluent. If some of these eggs were of the species Taenia solium, and if the treated wastewater were used for the irrigation of crops for human consumption, farmers and consumers could potentially be at risk for neurocysticercosis. Thus, limits for Taenia eggs in irrigation water should be established, and precautions should be taken in regions where pig taeniasis is endemic. The results of this study indicate that the theoretical hydraulic retention time (volume/flow) of a pond is not always a good surrogate for helminth egg removal.

ACS Style

Matthew E. Verbyla; Stewart M. Oakley; Louis A. Lizima; Jie Zhang; Mercedes Iriarte; Andres E. Tejada-Martinez; James R. Mihelcic. Taenia eggs in a stabilization pond system with poor hydraulics: concern for human cysticercosis? Water Science and Technology 2013, 68, 2698 -2703.

AMA Style

Matthew E. Verbyla, Stewart M. Oakley, Louis A. Lizima, Jie Zhang, Mercedes Iriarte, Andres E. Tejada-Martinez, James R. Mihelcic. Taenia eggs in a stabilization pond system with poor hydraulics: concern for human cysticercosis? Water Science and Technology. 2013; 68 (12):2698-2703.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Matthew E. Verbyla; Stewart M. Oakley; Louis A. Lizima; Jie Zhang; Mercedes Iriarte; Andres E. Tejada-Martinez; James R. Mihelcic. 2013. "Taenia eggs in a stabilization pond system with poor hydraulics: concern for human cysticercosis?" Water Science and Technology 68, no. 12: 2698-2703.

Journal article
Published: 17 October 2013 in Water Science and Technology
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The objective of this study is to compare the removal of Taenia eggs to the removal of Ascaris eggs in a wastewater stabilization pond system consisting of three ponds in series, where the hydraulic residence time distribution has been characterized via a tracer study supported by computational fluid dynamics modeling. Despite a theoretical hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 30 days, the peak dye concentration was measured in the effluent of the first pond after only 26 hours. The smaller-sized Taenia eggs were detected in higher concentrations than Ascaris eggs in the raw wastewater. Ascaris eggs were not detected in the pond system effluent, but 45 Taenia eggs per liter were detected in the system effluent. If some of these eggs were of the species Taenia solium, and if the treated wastewater were used for the irrigation of crops for human consumption, farmers and consumers could potentially be at risk for neurocysticercosis. Thus, limits for Taenia eggs in irrigation water should be established, and precautions should be taken in regions where pig taeniasis (T. solium) is endemic. The results of this study indicate that the theoretical HRT of a pond is not always a good surrogate for helminth egg removal.

ACS Style

Matthew E. Verbyla; Stewart M. Oakley; Louis A. Lizima; Jie Zhang; Mercedes Iriarte; Andres E. Tejada-Martinez; James R. Mihelcic. Taeniaeggs in a stabilization pond system with poor hydraulics: concern for human cysticercosis? Water Science and Technology 2013, wst2013660 .

AMA Style

Matthew E. Verbyla, Stewart M. Oakley, Louis A. Lizima, Jie Zhang, Mercedes Iriarte, Andres E. Tejada-Martinez, James R. Mihelcic. Taeniaeggs in a stabilization pond system with poor hydraulics: concern for human cysticercosis? Water Science and Technology. 2013; ():wst2013660.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Matthew E. Verbyla; Stewart M. Oakley; Louis A. Lizima; Jie Zhang; Mercedes Iriarte; Andres E. Tejada-Martinez; James R. Mihelcic. 2013. "Taeniaeggs in a stabilization pond system with poor hydraulics: concern for human cysticercosis?" Water Science and Technology , no. : wst2013660.

Journal article
Published: 02 April 2013 in Environmental Science & Technology
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The majority of population growth in developing countries will occur in small cities closely linked to agricultural zones, with poor access to water and sanitation. Wastewater management priorities in these regions will be different from those in larger cities and developed countries. Two wastewater treatment systems in Bolivia, one with an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor and polishing ponds, the other with three stabilization ponds, are assessed to determine their resource recovery potential. The UASB reactor produces biogas with 500-650 MJ per day. In six months, both systems discharge wastewater with the same mass of nutrients as fertilizers used to produce crops containing 10-75 days' worth of the recommended food energy intake for each person using the system. Both systems also discharge detectable levels of helminth eggs, Giardia cysts, and Cryptosporidium oocysts, but the UASB reactor system discharges higher concentrations, implying limited reuse potential. From a regional management standpoint, small cities should not expend resources to treat wastewater to levels suitable for discharge into surface waters. Rather, they should focus on removing pathogens to reclaim water and nutrients. Biogas recovery may be a priority that should be subservient to water and nutrient recovery in these settings.

ACS Style

Matthew E. Verbyla; Stewart M. Oakley; James R. Mihelcic. Wastewater Infrastructure for Small Cities in an Urbanizing World: Integrating Protection of Human Health and the Environment with Resource Recovery and Food Security. Environmental Science & Technology 2013, 47, 3598 -3605.

AMA Style

Matthew E. Verbyla, Stewart M. Oakley, James R. Mihelcic. Wastewater Infrastructure for Small Cities in an Urbanizing World: Integrating Protection of Human Health and the Environment with Resource Recovery and Food Security. Environmental Science & Technology. 2013; 47 (8):3598-3605.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Matthew E. Verbyla; Stewart M. Oakley; James R. Mihelcic. 2013. "Wastewater Infrastructure for Small Cities in an Urbanizing World: Integrating Protection of Human Health and the Environment with Resource Recovery and Food Security." Environmental Science & Technology 47, no. 8: 3598-3605.