About one-third of the global food supply is wasted. Brewers’ spent grain (BSG), being produced in enormous amounts by the brewery industry, possesses an eminence nutritional profile, yet its recycling is often neglected for multiple reasons. We employed integrated metagenomics and metabolomics techniques to assess the effects of enzyme treatments and Lactobacillus fermentation on the antioxidant capacity of BSG. The biotreated BSG revealed improved antioxidant capability, as evidenced by significantly increased (p < 0.05) radical scavenging activity and flavonoid and polyphenol content. Untargeted metabolomics revealed that Lactobacillus fermentation led to the prominent synthesis (p < 0.05) of 15 novel antioxidant peptides, as well as significantly higher (p < 0.05) enrichment of isoflavonoid and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathways. The correlation analysis demonstrated that Lactiplantibacillus plantarum exhibited strong correlation (p < 0.05) with aucubin and carbohydrate-active enzymes, namely, glycoside hydrolases 25, glycosyl transferases 5, and carbohydrate esterases 9. The fermented BSG has potential applications in the food industry as a culture medium, a functional food component for human consumption, and a bioactive feed ingredient for animals.

Introduction: Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is a prevalent nutritional deficiency worldwide, particularly affecting vulnerable groups with chronic illnesses, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). T2DM, characterized by insulin resistance and hyperglycemia, impacts numerous physiological processes and is linked with increased oxidative stress. Objective: This study aims to examine the prevalence of iron deficiency anemia in T2DM patients taking metformin and to investigate its association with oxidative stress. Methodology: Conducted at Shalamar Hospital, Lahore, this cross-sectional study took place from September 2023 to September 2024 and included 255 patients aged 30–70 years. Exclusion criteria were patients with chronic kidney disease, liver dysfunction, gastrointestinal disorders affecting nutrient absorption, or those taking iron supplements or medications influencing iron metabolism. Results: Among the participants, 40.9% (92 patients) were diagnosed with IDA, with a mean hemoglobin level of 11.5 g/dL. In contrast, 59.1% (133 patients) without IDA had a higher mean hemoglobin of 14.3 g/dL. IDA patients showed significantly elevated malondialdehyde (MDA) levels at 3.8 μmol/L, compared to 2.5 μmol/L in non-IDA patients (p < 0.05), suggesting increased lipid peroxidation. Antioxidant enzyme levels were also lower in the IDA group, with superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) at 150 U/mL and 80 U/mL, respectively, versus 200 U/mL and 100 U/mL in non-IDA patients. Conclusion: This study concludes that iron deficiency anemia is common among T2DM patients on metformin and is significantly associated with increased oxidative stress

AI has developed remarkable growth in the recent years and it has now gained importance in the area of cardiovascular disease. This study will focus on the role of cardiovascular disease and how AI is contributed towards it. So, the Systematic Literature review and meta-analysis will be done.

Objective: To compare the outcomes of dynamic compression plate (DCP) fixation and flexible intramedullarynailing (IMN) in the treatment of pediatric diaphyseal femur fractures, specifically in terms of fracturehealing time, complication rates, reoperation rates, and functional recovery.Material & Methods: This retrospective comparative study was conducted at Services Hospital, Lahore,Pakistan, from January 2022 to December 2024. A total of 121 pediatric patients who underwent eitherdynamic compression plate (DCP) fixation or flexible intramedullary nailing (IMN) for diaphyseal femurfractures were included. Data were collected on fracture characteristics, healing time, complicationsincluding infection, nonunion, malunion, and hardware-related issues, as well as functional recovery andreoperation rates.Results: The IMN group had a significantly shorter healing time (8.2±3.1 weeks vs. 10.6±2.5 weeks, p =0.03). Functional recovery was better in the IMN group, with a higher PFLES score (95.3±4.2 vs. 91.2±5.1,p=0.02) and lower VAS pain score (1.2±1.1 vs. 1.7±1.3, p=0.04) at 12 months. The reoperation rate washigher in the IMN group (8.8% vs. 3.1%, p=0.04), primarily due to hardware-related complications, while thecomplication rates (infection, nonunion, malunion) were similar between the two groups (infection: DCP7.8%, IMN 3.5%; nonunion: DCP 1.6%, IMN 3.5%; malunion: DCP 1.6%, IMN 5.3%).Conclusion: IMN provided faster healing and better functional recovery, while DCP offered more stablefixation with fewer reoperations, particularly in complex fractures. The choice of fixation method should beindividualized based on fracture type and patient characteristics.Keywords: Pediatric, Diaphyseal femur fracture, Dynamic compression plate, Flexible intramedullarynailing, Healing time, Reoperation rateHow to cite: Aziz A, Afgan S, Qammar B, Asghar J, Hamid A, Aslam A. Dynamic Compression Plate Versus FlexibleIntramedullary Nailing in Pediatric Diaphyseal Femur Fractures: A Retrospective Comparative Study. Esculapio -JSIMS 2026;22(01):107-112.DOI: 10.51273/esculap.v22i01.1532

Background: Eating disorders (EDs) have frequently been reported among young adults including university students. Objective: 1) To determine the frequency of undergraduate medical students at the risk of developing EDs based on EAT-26 2) To identify the relation of EDs with socio demographic and behavior factors. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study that also explores associations between eating disorders and other variables. Screening tool is EAT-26 questionnaire. A study sample of 405 participants was recruited by convenient sampling and data was analyzed using SPSS 20. Results: data of 401 respondents was analyzed. EAT 26 scores showed: 17.5% were positively at risk of developing eating disorder (score >20) and 82.5% had score <=20. The behavior pattern assessment showed: 21.9% with normal behavior and 82.5% had positive behavior showing risk of developing eating disorder. Chi square test application showed significant association of EAT 26 scores with behavior assessment. Conclusions: There is higher risk of developing eating disorders among undergraduate medical students, and positive behavior towards eating disorder has significant association with eating disorder scores.

Background: The occurrence of hyponatremia is a prevalent electrolyte anomaly observed commonly in individuals diagnosed with both ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes. The substance mainly exhibits hypoosmolarity and is indicative of the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) or cerebral salt-wasting syndrome (CSWS). This study aimed to assess the clinical range, such as frequency, severity, and association, of hyponatremia in stroke patients. Objective: The primary objective of the research is to analyze the factors that play a critical role in the identification of hyponatremia in ischemic stroke patients during hospital admission and treatment. Method: The study chose a quantitative primary method to evaluate and extract responses. 100 patients have been selected to volunteer in the study. All of the patients admitted to Hospital for Ischemic Stroke or else have a prior history of Ischemic Stroke. SPSS has been used to examine the response and generate the results in graphical format. Respondents have been chosen on the basis of an abnormal sodium concentration in their blood. Result: It has been found in the results that abnormal sodium concentration is not limited to only one cause. Moreover, it has been found that BMI, coexisting disease or disorder, age, and gender play critical roles in the development of hyponatremia. Conclusion: It has been concluded that the association of sodium concentration with the frequency and severity of hypernatremia in stroke patients is closely related to serum osmolality, urine sodium, and urine osmolality in the patient, along with other factors.