Real-time monitoring systems are crucial for the comprehensive management of operations and processes, as well as for assessing the impacts of coastal infrastructures on the marine environment. These systems not only support environmental protection and data-driven decision-making but also enable the early detection of adverse events and the issuance of timely warnings for prompt responses. Although water quality is a critical parameter in this monitoring framework, there are currently limited permanent systems in place dedicated to maintaining these objectives. Even fewer systems leverage their data for research purposes, leading to a gap in the literature regarding effective processing approaches for real-time water quality data. In this context, this study presents a real-time water quality monitoring system integrated into a broader in-field laboratory installed at a coastal area off the coast of Ayia Napa, Cyprus, as well as an initial measured data set of different qualitative quantities. It proposes a holistic approach for post-processing real-time seawater quality data, employing both time and frequency domain analyses, alongside filtering techniques. The study discusses the advantages of each method and emphasizes the importance of their combined use. Utilizing data collected from a three-month operational period, the study assesses the current state of marine seawater quality and examines both temporal and cyclic variations in various seawater quality parameters. The findings reveal that the examined seawater parameters are within reasonable values, indicating that the construction and operation of a nearby marina and the necessary infrastructures (e.g., breakwater) did not affect the seawater quality in the area. Additionally, the study identifies pronounced daily cyclic responses in different seawater quality parameters, including temperature, density, pH, dissolved oxygen, and turbidity. Finally, notable correlations are observed between temperature and dissolved oxygen, temperature and conductivity, oxidation–reduction potential (ORP) and salinity, ORP and dissolved oxygen, and ORP and TDS.

Nonlinear soil–pile–structure interaction (SPSI) phenomena are known to play a vital role in the response of bottom-fixed marine structures. For such structures, these phenomena are commonly considered by the imposition of p-y, τ-z, and q-z springs, representing the lateral and axial shaft and axial base soil resistances, respectively. The importance of each resistance mechanism depends on the type of foundation system, with only very limited studies investigating their roles in the response of piled marine structures, such as jetties. Within this context, this study presents numerical three-dimensional pushover analysis results for two marine jetties, a smaller model with four piles and a larger model supported by twenty-four piles. SPSI effects are considered through p-y, τ-z, and q-z springs, the behaviours of which are determined by following commonly employed procedures. The structures’ responses are investigated under the influence of various assumptions regarding the behaviours of springs, as well as steel plasticity. The current investigation underscores the substantial influence of the axial soil–pile interaction on the response of the jetty, particularly in terms of its failure mode. Moreover, it demonstrates the importance of incorporating p-y springs, even though the choice between their linear or nonlinear constitutive behaviour is found to be less critical. Finally, the study concludes that the behaviours of the springs significantly affect the system’s ductility and the degree of steel yielding in the piles, while also highlighting the unconservative influence of neglecting SPSI phenomena.

This study presents three-dimensional finite element analyses of two marine structures subjected to lateral loading to approximate environmental forces (e.g., wind, waves, currents, earthquakes). The first structure is a marine jetty supported by twenty-four piles, representative of an existing structure in Cyprus, while the second is a simplified four-pile marine structure. Soil–pile interaction is modelled using nonlinear p-y, τ-z, and q-z springs that are distributed along the piles, while steel plasticity is also considered. This study examines the relationship between failure modes, deformation modes, and plastic hinge locations with soil behaviour and soil reaction forces. It also aims at investigating the behaviour of the above structures in lateral loading and quantifying the consequences of unrealistic assumptions such as soil and steel linearity or tension-resistant q-z springs. The results indicate that such assumptions can lead to the wrong prediction of failure modes, plastic hinges, and critical elements while emphasising the crucial role of soil nonlinearity and axial pile–soil behaviour on the structural response. It is demonstrated that the dominant nonlinear sources relevant to this study, whether soil nonlinearity, plastic hinge formation, or a combination of the two, are primarily influenced by the axial capacity of soil–pile foundation systems, particularly their tensile component.

Scour around coastal and offshore infrastructure is a critical concern, influencing foundation stability, structural performance, and long-term safety under wave–current loading. Reliable scour prediction is essential for designing resilient foundations for offshore wind turbines, bridge piers, subsea pipelines, breakwaters, and coastal protection systems. While physical modelling has advanced understanding of sediment entrainment and bed–flow interactions, numerical modelling is increasingly used to predict scour under complex, transient hydrodynamic conditions. This review provides a comprehensive assessment of the principal numerical approaches currently used to simulate scour. Four major modelling frameworks are examined: single-phase Eulerian Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), two-phase Eulerian–Eulerian CFD, coupled CFD–Discrete Element Method (CFD–DEM) approaches, and mesh-free Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) including SPH–DEM. For each method, governing formulations, sediment-transport models, turbulence closures, bed-evolution treatment, and fluid–sediment coupling procedures are critically evaluated. The review identifies the key strengths and limitations of each approach and assesses their suitability across different scour regimes. Remaining numerical challenges are highlighted, together with future research directions aimed at improving the reliability, robustness, and engineering applicability of scour modelling. The comparative assessment is structured around the core dimensions of underlying assumptions and physical representation, sediment-transport and bed-evolution capabilities, fluid–sediment coupling and process resolution, validation maturity, computational requirements and scalability, and engineering applicability.