It remains unclear as to what extent resistance training (RT) can attenuate muscle loss during caloric restriction (CR) interventions in humans. The objective here is to address if RT could attenuate muscle loss induced by CR in obese elderly individuals, through summarized effects of previous studies. Databases MEDLINE, Embase and Web of Science were used to perform a systematic search between July and August 2017. Were included in the review randomized clinical trials (RCT) comparing the effects of CR with (CRRT) or without RT on lean body mass (LBM), fat body mass (FBM), and total body mass (BM), measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, on obese elderly individuals. The six RCTs included in the review applied RT three times per week, for 12 to 24 weeks, and most CR interventions followed diets of 55% carbohydrate, 15% protein, and 30% fat. RT reduced 93.5% of CR-induced LBM loss (0.819 kg [0.364 to 1.273]), with similar reduction in FBM and BM, compared with CR. Furthermore, to address muscle quality, the change in strength/LBM ratio tended to be different (p = 0.07) following CRRT (20.9 ± 23.1%) and CR interventions (−7.5 ± 9.9%). Our conclusion is that CRRT is able to prevent almost 100% of CR-induced muscle loss, while resulting in FBM and BM reductions that do not significantly differ from CR.

Background: Despite technological advances, the overall retear rate on rotator cuff repair is still high. Patches have shown significant reduction in retear rate and pain scores; however, this is not a universal finding and conflicting results have been shown among functional shoulder scales. Purpose: To analyze previous controlled trials of the literature to bring a consensus about the effectiveness of patch use on rotator cuff repair. Study Design: Systematic review; Level of evidence, 1. Methods: The search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, Scopus, and Cochrane in April 2020. The results of rotator cuff repair with patch augmentation versus without augmentation (control) were compared through odds ratio (OR), raw mean difference (RMD), and standardized mean difference (SMD) of retear rate; functional shoulder scales; strength; and range of motion (ROM). Results: Of 733 initial studies, 7 of them met the criteria to be included in the analysis. Compared with the control group, the patch augmentation group had a significantly lower retear rate (OR, 0.32 [95% CI, 0.18 to 0.55]; P < .001), lower pain (SMD, –0.42 [–0.71 to –0.12]; P < .01), a higher University of California Los Angeles Shoulder Rating Scale (RMD, 0.87 [0.15 to 1.60], P = .017), and a trend toward higher strength (SMD, 0.95 [–0.03 to 1.94], P = .05) and lower forward elevation ROM (RMD, –10.50 [–21.86 to 0.67]; P = .06), while no changes were noted for other functional scales or for internal and external rotation ROM. Conclusion: The results point to benefits of patch augmentation in rotator cuff repair, particularly a reduction in retear rate. More interventional studies with better methodological quality should be conducted to confirm the results of this initial review.

The independent predictor of cardiovascular mortality, central arterial stiffness (CAS), is modulated by exercise depending on type of exercises, arteries assessed, sample features and time to exposure. Thus, this study aim to determine the endurance, resistance and combined exercise effects on CAS over time in humans. MEDLINE database for studies published between January 1st, 1990 and February 3rd, 2015. Studies measuring the effects of exercise on CAS, measured by aortic pulse wave velocity or carotid arterial compliance measured by ultrasound were included. Two independent reviewers extracted the 56 studies meta-analyzed and allocated among type of exercise and time effects categories: acute (10 minutes to 24 hours post-exercise session effect), short-term (interventional studies testing basal CAS from 1 to 24 weeks of exercise) and long-term (cross-sectional studies comparing trained and untrained individuals). We calculated standard difference in means 95% CIs, applying random or fixed-effects models, according to presence or absence of true heterogeneity, respectively. Endurance exercise reduced CAS in short and long-term analysis (-0.42 [-0.53 to -0.31] and -0.62 [-0.95 to -0.29], respectively), however it did not modify CAS acutely; higher magnitude of reduction occurred in normal weight individuals, with longer duration, higher weekly frequency and continuous (rather than interval) protocols. Resistance exercise increases CAS acutely (0.30 [0.01 to 0.58]) and after long-term (0.47 [0.19 to 0.75]), while short-term resistance exercise did not modify CAS significantly. No significant effect was found for short-term combined exercises and there was not enough number of studies for acute and long-term effects to be meta-analysed. Endurance and resistance exercise have opposite long-term effects, being beneficial and deleterious, respectively, while the combined exercise showed to be innocuous.