The hydrogel is a biopolymer exhibiting swelling behaviour involving a significant amount of water due to its insoluble, three-dimensional network structure when exposed to the aqueous medium, and allows its use in wound dressings. In the present study, a hydrogel was synthesized from chitosan and carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) polymers as a result of a chemical reaction at which N,N’-methylenebisacrylamide (MBA) was used as a cross-linker and ammonium persulfate (APS) as initiator-catalyst. Characteristic features of the synthesized hydrogel were determined by FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy), BET (Brunauer, Emmet and Teller) analyses. Alpha-Tocopherol release profile from the membrane was determined via ESI-MS using LC/Q-TOF. Cell adhesion and proliferation was observed by 3-[4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl]-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) method. The results revealed that hydrogels loaded alpha-Tocopherol is efficient for stimulating the healing process.

Nanoparticles are frequently investigated as carrier systems that increase the biological activities of hydrophobic molecules, especially by providing them with water solubility. Sinapic acid (Sa), commonly found in plants, is a phenolic compound with a wide spectrum of biological activities and extensive pharmacological properties. The aim of this study was the synthesis/characterization of optimized sinapic-acid-loaded poly­(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles (SaNPs) to improve the solubility of sinapic acid (Sa) that limit its use in the biological system and investigate the biological activities of these nanoparticles in the breast cancer cell line. For this purpose, sinapic-acid-loaded PLGA nanoparticles were obtained and optimized by experimental design methods. Then, cytotoxic (MTT method), antiapoptotic (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay), antiproliferative (immunocytochemically by PCNA assay), and antioxidant activities (superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase activities, glutathione, malondialdehyde (MDA), and caspase-3 levels) of optimized nanoparticles were examined comperatively with free drug on MCF-7 cells. The IC50 values of the SaNPs (170.6 ± 3.6 nm size) in MCF-7 cells were determined at 180, 168, and 145 μg/mL for 24, 48, and 72 h, respectively, and at these doses, the nanoparticles did not show any toxic effect on the MCF10A cell line. Treatment of Sa and SaNPs at doses of 24 and 48 h showed a statistically significant reduction in the PCNA level in MCF-7 cells, with an increase in the number of cells leading to apoptosis. In MCF-7 cells treated with SaNP at concentrations of 150 and 200 μg/mL for 24 h, MDA levels were significantly increased, SOD activities were significantly decreased, and reduced glutathione (GSH) and catalase levels were increased compared with control groups. The findings of this study indicate that polyphenolic compounds can contribute to the design of drugs for treatment by forming nanoparticle formulations. The developed nanoparticle formulation is thought to be a useful model for other hydrophobic biological active substances.

Glioblastoma is the most common and highly invasive glial tumor, significantly reducing patient survival. Current therapeutic approaches have limited success rates. Plant-derived nanovesicles are a rapidly developing area, recognized for their exceptional biofunctional properties, and are emerging as a promising approach in cancer treatment. The present study focuses on the isolation of nanovesicles from Viburnum opulus fruits using a cost-effective method that includes a polymer-based exosome precipitation buffer and size exclusion chromatography, followed by their characterization. Morphological analysis via Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy and Transmission Electron Microscopy revealed nanovesicles ranging from oval to elliptical shapes, with average diameters of 54.23 nm and 41.21 nm, respectively. Dynamic light scattering analysis determined the average size of 45.36 nm indicating the presence of nanovesicles, and the zeta potential was − 2.87 mV. Biochemical characterization showed total protein and phenolic concentrations of 1534 ± 97.78 µg/ml and 4.270 ± 0.66 mg gallic acid equivalents/L, respectively, with total antioxidant status values of 3.83 ± 0.37 mmol Trolox equivalents/L. Based on IC50 values, these nanovesicles were 7.5 times more toxic to U87MG human glioblastoma cells compared to healthy human dermal fibroblasts. Analyses including clonogenic cell survival, wound healing, apoptosis, total antioxidant status, and total oxidant status were continued on only U87MG cells, as human dermal fibroblasts showed a low response to nanovesicle treatment. Qualitative and quantitative assessments demonstrated that Viburnum opulus-derived nanovesicles effectively inhibited cancer cell proliferation and migration. Due to their non-toxic, anticancer, and antioxidant properties, these nanovesicles hold significant potential in glioblastoma management. Graphical abstract

In recent years, the usage of hydrogels in tissue regeneration and controlled drug release systems have been increasing rapidly due to their water holding capacity and 3D structure. In this study chitosan and dextran sulphate sodium were prefered to form pH-sensitive hydrogel by physical interaction. The biodegradability of the chitosan and the therapeutic properties of dextran sulphate sodium make them suitable as wound dressing material. In addition to these good specifications of polymers, vitamin-C and quercetin, which have an accelerating effect on wound healing. The structural and morphological characterisation of hydrogels were performed by FT-IR and SEM. The sweeling behaviour of this hydrogel was examined in PBS at different temperatures (25°C and 37°C) and pHs (6,7,7.4,8). In vitro release pattern of quercetin and vitamin-C were investigated. It was seen from this experiment that at the end of the 7 days, cell viability on loaded and unloaded hydrogel were higher than control group.