Limb muscle is responsible for physical activities and myogenic cell migration during embryogenesis is indispensable for limb muscle formation. Maternal obesity (MO) impairs prenatal skeletal muscle development, but the effects of MO on myogenic cell migration remain to be examined. C57BL/6 mice embryos were collected at E13.5. The GeoMx DSP platform was used to customize five regions along myogenic cell migration routes (myotome, dorsal/ventral limb, limb stroma, limb tip), and data were analyzed by GeomxTools 3.6.0. A total of 2224 genes were down-regulated in the MO group. The GO enrichment analysis showed that MO inhibited migration-related biological processes. The signaling pathways guiding myogenic migration such as hepatocyte growth factor signaling, fibroblast growth factor signaling, Wnt signaling and GTPase signaling were down-regulated in the MO E13.5 limb tip. Correspondingly, the expression levels of genes involved in myogenic cell migration, such as Pax3, Gab1, Pxn, Tln2 and Arpc, were decreased in the MO group, especially in the dorsal and ventral sides of the limb. Additionally, myogenic differentiation-related genes were down-regulated in the MO limb. MO impedes myogenic cell migration and differentiation in the embryonic limb, providing an explanation for the impairment of fetal muscle development and offspring muscle function due to MO.

The aim of the study was to describe the scenario of the present condition of production and management system of dairy buffalo at Haor areas of Sylhet in Bangladesh. Data were collected between February 2019 and January 2020. Sixty dairy farmers and thirty indigenous dairy buffaloes were selected for the study purpose. All respondent farmers were male and 65% were in between 40 to 50 years of age. Parity number had a significant relation in response of body weight. Quality analysis of milk showed that buffaloes which were reared at Haor areas have more fat content on an average 7.88% than buffaloes which were reared conventional dairy farm containing 7.34%. Price of buffalo’s milk and meat were varied with the seasonal changes, lower in winter season. All farmers fed the buffaloes only with green grass in winter. Four major diseases of buffaloes were found in Haor areas where the percentage of foot and mouth diseases was 15.59% followed by black quarter (11.01%), anthrax (7.34%) and hemorrhagic septicemia (6.42%). The buffaloes were not dewormed so parasitic infestations dramatically increased and easily transferred from one to another. The farmers had not enough knowledge about regular vaccination. But in contrast with profitability, total benefit cost ratio from buffalo rearing was 1:1.56 annually.

Marbling or intramuscular fat (IMF) is one of the major quality attributes of beef. Intramuscular adipocytes develop later than subcutaneous, visceral, and intermuscular fat depots during early development. The variation in developmental timing among fat depots can be leveraged as a targeted strategy to enhance marbling. Vitamin A regulates cell proliferation and differentiation via its active metabolite retinoic acid. Recent studies indicate that vitamin A supplementation to beef cattle during the late gestation and neonatal stages promotes the formation of IMF adipocytes (adipogenesis/ adipocyte hyperplasia), which provide sites for IMF accumulation during the fattening stage. On the other hand, vitamin A promotes lipid oxidation, and its restriction during the finishing stage increases IMF deposition and achieves a higher ratio of prime-grade carcasses. In conclusion, the stage-specific vitamin A management strategy can be effectively utilized to maximize IMF deposition and improve beef quality.

Maternal obesity (MO) is a growing global problem, which poses significant risks to fetal neurodevelopment and long‐term neurological functions of offspring, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain to be established. To address this female mice were fed either a control diet or a high‐fat diet (HFD) for 2 months to induce obesity, and the same dietary treatments were maintained during pregnancy. Embryos were sampled at E11.5 and E13.5. Single‐cell RNA sequencing revealed reduced proportions of neurons and neural progenitors in embryos from obese mothers. The downregulation of neurogenesis, nervous system development and synaptic organization pathways were further confirmed by Gene Ontology analysis. Key neurogenic transcription factors, including Neurod1 , Neurog2 and Ascl1 , were suppressed in MO embryos, accompanied by increased expression of inflammatory markers, including tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) and Cxcl2 , and inflammatory signalling mediators, Fos , Jun and Jund . Single‐cell ATAC sequencing revealed the activator protein 1 (AP‐1) binding sites in the promoter regions of Tnf and Cd68 , with MO‐enhancing AP‐1 transcription factor motif activity and increased chromatin accessibility in the loci of Tnfa and Cd68 genes. Furthermore, TNF‐α treatment of neurogenic cells suppressed Neurod1 and Neurog2 expression, suggesting a direct link between inflammatory signalling and impaired neurogenesis. Our findings suggest that MO creates a pro‐inflammatory environment that disrupts neurogenesis during early embryonic development, providing new insights into the neurodevelopmental disorders in offspring born to obese mothers. image Key points: Maternal obesity (MO) suppresses neurogenesis in the early embryos. Single‐cell RNA sequencing (scRNA‐seq) reveals decreased neurogenic cells and neurogenic factors in MO embryos. MO elevates activator protein 1 (AP‐1) transcription factor accessibility to the promoters of inflammatory genes. Inflammation induced by tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) suppresses Neurod1 and Neurog2 expression and neurogenesis in vitro .