B-cell lymphoblastic leukemia is a hematologic neoplasm that poses a serious health concern in childhood. Genetic aberrations, such as mutations in the genes IL-7, IL7R, JAK1, JAK2, TLSP, CRLF2, and KTM2A or gene fusions involving BCR::ABL1, ETV6::RUNX1, and PAX5::JAK2, often correlate with the onset of this disease. These aberrations can lead to malfunction of the JAK–STAT signaling pathway, which is implicated in various important biological processes, including those related to immunology. Understanding the mechanisms underlying the malfunction of the JAK–STAT pathway holds potential for research on drugs targeting its components. Available drugs that interfere with the JAK–STAT pathway include fludarabine, ruxolitinib, and fedratinib.

Introduction and objective Yerba Mate (YM) is a popular drink obtained from the dried and ground leaves of the Ilex paraguariens. The beneficial effects of Yerba Mate on the cardiovascular system, lipid-lowering, anti-diabetic, hepatoprotective and stimulating properties are known, however, there are also reports supporting its toxicity, that the consumption of Yerba Mate may predispose to the development of cancer. The purpose of this article is to present and organize information on the correlation between drinking Yerba Mate and cancer. Review methods A review of the available literature was performed by searching the PubMed and Google Scholar databases using the following keywords: Yerba Mate and cancer, Yerba Mate. Abbreviated description of the state of knowledge Substances contained in Yerba Mate have a positive impact on the human body. They exert health-promoting effects, e.g. increasing HDL levels and enhancing the antioxidant effect. A particularly desirable effect of Yerba Mate is its modulating effect on the course of the carcinogenesis process. Current knowledge on this subject is not complete. There are no evidences that substances in Yerba Mate without other risk factors increase the risk of oesophageal cancer. It is worth emphasizing that the properties of the Yerba Mate components are related to the reduction of the development of metastases of other cancers. Summary Despite the carcinogenic PAHs contained in the YM extract, there is no clear evidence that drinking it alone, without taking into account the temperature of the drink, could predispose to the development of esophageal cancer. Many substances found in YM have a beneficial effect on the human body.

The TCF3 (also known as E2A) gene is responsible for encoding a critical transcriptional factor that plays a pivotal role in the differentiation of lymphoid progenitor cells. The TCF3 has been implicated in chromosomal translocations involving various genes, including PBX1, HLF, and ZNF384, as evidenced by recent clinical case studies (rare occuring). These include TLX1, FLI1, and TEF. These rearrangements have been observed to result in uncontrollable proliferation and development of B-cell progenitor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP-ALL). The 5th edition of the World Health Organization (WHO) Classification of Haematolymphoid Tumors distinguishes B-cell lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma with TCF3 rearrangement into two types: with TCF3::PBX1 fusion and TCF3::HLF fusion. TCF3-positive pediatric BCP-ALL accounts for 5-11% of patients, making TCF3 an essential component of diagnostic panels for this leukemia. The objective of this manuscript is to provide a comprehensive description of the known TCF3 rearrangements and their associated gene partners. The review will also address the impact of TCF3 fusion genes in pediatric ALL according to the latest data and modern treatments, including the latest research results of Children's Oncology Group from the 66th American Society of Hematology (ASH) and promising biomarker in B-ALL - circular RNA with regard to TCF3 rearrangements. Additional genetic alterations, termed "secondary hits" are involved in lymphoid development and pathogenesis of ALL. The most frequently observed rearrangements in TCF3 are: PAX5, IKZF1, SETDB2, EBF1, as well as CDKN2A/B.

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is one of the most common complications of pregnancy. It is characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from impaired tissue sensitivity to insulin secreted by pancreatic beta cells. This is due to the action of hormones secreted by the placenta that oppose insulin. The incidence of gestational diabetes continues to increase, posing many potential risks to both mother and fetus. Importantly, these complications also have a long-term dimension. It has been proven that in adulthood, in children born from pregnancies complicated by gestational diabetes, the risk of developing obesity, type II diabetes and cardiovascular diseases increases. Their mothers are also at a similar risk. The main goal of treatment of gestational diabetes is to achieve normoglycaemia. Appropriate dietary management is recommended, and if this is not sufficient, insulin therapy should be initiated.

Introduction and purpose of the work:Schizophrenia is a mental illness that affects approximately 24 million people worldwide. It is characterized by hallucinations, most often auditory, delusions, blunted affect, and distortions of thought, such as echoes of thought and perception. There is a predisposition to more frequent diabetes, metabolic syndrome, hormonal disorders, cardiovascular diseases and respiratory diseases, even in patients not treated with antipsychotics. In connection with the above, the question may arise whether schizophrenia also predisposes to developing other diseases, such as cancer. The aim of this article is to present the relationship between the occurrence of schizophrenia and cancer. State of knowledge:There was no correlation between an increased incidence of lung cancer and schizophrenia, however, the analyzed studies were not homogeneous. In the case of breast cancer, data suggest a higher incidence of breast cancer among people with psychiatric disorders. In prostate cancer, a lower risk of developing the disease has been reported in patients with schizophrenia. It should be noted that despite the predisposition of people with schizophrenia to addiction to stimulants, low physical activity, the increase in the risk of cancer in some studies was not very high. Summary: It can be noticed that there is a correlation between the occurrence of schizophrenia and the predisposition to developing malignant neoplasms. Currently, hope is placed on their use in anti-cancer therapy.

Introduction and purpose of the work: Rheumatic diseases are chronic diseases that cause symptoms in many systems of the human body. Their most common symptoms include pain and symptoms of arthritis, their deformities, fatigue, and malaise. The aim of the article is to present the symptoms and mental disorders occurring in the course of selected rheumatic diseases. State of knowledge: The psychological symptoms are characteristic of systemic lupus erythematosus. Specified is a form of lupus called NSPLE (neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus), which includes neuropsychiatric symptoms in the course of systemic lupus erythematosus. Psychiatric symptoms are also present in the course of other rheumatic diseases. Neuropsychiatric symptoms may affect up to 80% of patients with primary Sjogren's syndrome, with 50% to 80% ahead of diagnosis. It has been proven that systemic slcerosis causes microvascular damage, which may cause neuropsychiatric symptoms in the form of mood disorders, anxiety and cognitive disorders. In one study, 59% of patients with fibromyalgia experienced mania, which was more than twice as high as in the control group. Summary: In the course of all rheumatic diseases presented by us, there are symptoms and mental disorders. They are often mood, cognitive and sleep disturbances. It should be emphasized that the etiology of psychiatric symptoms is multifactorial.