In the field of electronics thermal management (TM), there has already been a lot of work done to create cooling options that guarantee steady-state performance. However, electronic devices (EDs) are progressively utilized in applications that involve time-varying workloads. Therefore, the TM systems could dissipate the heat generated by EDs; however, there seemed to be a necessity for a design that would contain temperature rise within an acceptable range for limiting hot spots and managing thermal transients induced by higher-frequency operating cycles. Heat dissipation issues become more significant when miniaturization in electronics increases. More effective TM often results in enhanced reliability as well as a longer life expectancy for devices. Hence, this paper explicates the TM of EDs, the comparison of cooling methods, the comparison of convections for TM on EDs, the heat source (HS) mounted on the substrate board, and optimization techniques to optimize the size and position of HSs mounted on the substrate board. This paper also analyzes the TM technologies on different EDs from 2014 to 2023 and the comparison of the thermal conductance of EDs with two types of phase change materials (PCMs) and pin-fin heat pipes (HPs).

Titanium alloy has a high specific resistance, excellent machining performance is non-corrosive, and the capability to withstand greater temperatures while maintaining outstanding mechanical properties. This alloy is, therefore, the right choice for aerospace, maritime, biomedical, and industrial applications. But machinability of titanium alloy is challenging as a result of its poor thermal conductivity, highly chemically reactive, and low elastic modulus hence it is treated as a difficult-to-cut material. Fast tool wear is observed during the machining of titanium alloy in conventional machining methods. Therefore, unconventional processing methods are used for the treatment of titanium alloy. Electric discharge machining (EDM) is one of these unconventional machining processes which are used for cutting with high precision, having a high degree of machinability, and getting a better surface finish. It is considered the best choice for machining titanium alloy. In the EDM process, different techniques are used to understand the effects of process parameters such as polarity, peak current, electrode type, pulse on time, and gap voltage on material removal rate, tool wear rate, surface roughness, and wear ratio. This paper critically investigates different types of EDM processes, experimental setups used for machining of titanium alloy, the effect of different tool electrodes and dielectric media on machining parameters, machined surface characteristics, and metal removal rate and tool wear rate.

Mono-type and dihybrid nanoparticle-enriched cutting fluids in machining processes are gaining popularity because of their outstanding benefits such as enhanced tool life and surface finish. In this work, a trihybrid nanocutting fluid was developed by mixing MWCNT Al₂O₃ graphene nanoparticles with different weight concentrations. The prepared tri-hybrid nanofluids were tested during the machining of SS304 steel. Coated tungsten carbide and PVD TiAlN carbide tools are used for the machining. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and response surface methodology (RSM) were used to analysed the obtained data. ANOVA revealed that the interaction of cutting speed and feed had shown a good impact on surface roughness. The combinations of minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) and tri-hybrid nanofluid characteristics increase surface quality by 16% and the cutting temperature by 76%, respectively, which offers future applications in the machining industry. The correlations are verified using a conformance test and have acceptable variances of 3.11% and 1.13% with the ANN approach regression analysis.