The archipelagic country of Indonesia is populated by the densest marine biodiversity in the world which has created strong global interest and is valued by both Indigenous and European settlements for different purposes. Nearly 1000 chemicals have been extracted and identified. In this review, a systematic data curation was employed to collate bioprospecting related manuscripts providing a comprehensive directory based on publications from 1988 to 2022. Findings with significant pharmacological activities are further discussed through a scoping data collection. This review discusses macroorganisms (Sponges, Ascidian, Gorgonians, Algae, Mangrove) and microorganism (Bacteria and Fungi) and highlights significant discoveries, including a potent microtubule stabilizer laulimalide from Hyattella sp., a prospective doxorubicin complement papuamine alkaloid from Neopetrosia cf exigua, potent antiplasmodial manzamine A from Acanthostrongylophora ingens, the highly potent anti trypanosomal manadoperoxide B from Plakortis cfr. Simplex, mRNA translation disrupter hippuristanol from Briareum sp, and the anti-HIV-1 (+)-8-hydroxymanzamine A isolated from Acanthostrongylophora sp. Further, some potent antibacterial extracts were also found from a limited biomass of bacteria cultures. Although there are currently no examples of commercial drugs from the Indonesian marine environment, this review shows the molecular diversity present and with the known understudied biodiversity, reveals great promise for future studies and outcomes. Graphical Abstract

Cancer is a serious health burden on global societies. The discovery and development of new anti-cancer therapies remains a challenging objective. Although it has been shown that lichen secondary metabolites may be potent sources for new anti-cancer agents, the Indonesian- grown folious lichens, Physcia millegrana, Parmelia dilatata and Parmeila aurulenta, have not yet been explored. In this study exhaustive preparative high-performance liquid chromatography was employed to isolate the lichen constituents with spectroscopic and spectrometric protocols identifying nine depsides 9–17, including the new methyl 4-formyl-2,3-dihydroxy-6-methylbenzoate 13. The cytotoxicity of the depsides towards cancer cells was assessed using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The results indicated lowest toxicity of the depsides towards human A549 lung cancer cells. Importantly, the di-depsides (11, 12 and 17) showed greatest toxicity, indicating that these structures are biologically more active than the mono-depsides against the HepG2 liver cancer, A549 lung cancer and HL-60 leukemia cell lines.

The tropical islands of Indonesia house the second largest biodiversity in the world. For generations, indigenous communities have relied on medicinal plants to treat various ailments, including diabetes. However, no comprehensive systematic review has been conducted to consolidate research progress in this area. This review aims to investigate and summarize the current research landscape on antidiabetic medicinal plants in Indonesia. Data collection, collation and analysis were performed in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). Relevant publications on the antidiabetic evaluation of Indonesian medicinal plants were retrieved from leading scientific databases, including Scifinder® and Garuda , yielding a total of 108 eligible articles. Several notable compound screening studies identified bioactive phytochemicals with significant antidiabetic potential, such as quinine as a SIRT1 activator, prunetin as an aldose reductase inhibitor, gallic acid as a pancreatic α-amylase (PPA) inhibitor, oleanolic acid as a PTP1B inhibitor, and 3,4,5-tri- O -caffeoylquinic acid methyl ester as an α-glucosidase inhibitor. Additionally, clinical investigations and community-based trials reported significant blood glucose-lowering effects from botanical extracts including Piper crocatum , Moringa oleifera , and Curcuma xanthorrhiza in diabetic patients. Recognizing the therapeutic potential of indigenous botanicals, the Indonesian government has intensified its support for the development of scientifically standardized herbal medicines aimed at diabetes treatment, positioning them as part of the country’s integrated healthcare system. Graphical abstract

Dandelions (Taraxacum species) belong to the family Asteraceae. It has tiny yellow flowers and they are considered weeds. Nevertheless, the flower, stem, leaves, and root have been consumed by people in different cultures for different purposes from food to medicine. There are around twenty Taraxacum species that are well known as traditional medicaments. More than 130 phytochemicals belonging to the chemical classes of alkaloids, phenolics, and terpenoids were isolated from dandelions. These chemicals along with crude extracts have shown various biological activities including antimicrobial, antiparasitic, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antidiabetic. Dandelion products are also used as health supplements. <!----> <!----> <!----> <!---->