Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a common and potentially fatal condition in the emergency department, and early identification of modifiable risk factors for prevention and management is highly desirable. Although gut dysbiosis is associated with a high incidence of venous thromboembolism, the role and mechanisms of the gut microbiome in the pathogenesis of venous thromboembolism, especially PE, remain unexplored. Here, we attempted to elucidate the benefits of the gut microbiome in the pathogenesis of PE using multiple antibiotics and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) for early intervention in a classical mouse model of PE. The results showed that early administration of various antibiotics (except ampicillin) could inhibit pulmonary thrombosis to a certain extent and reduced mortality in young and old mice with PE. Among them, vancomycin has the best inhibitory effect on PE. With the help of gut microbiota sequencing analysis, we found that antibiotic treatment can reshape the gut microbiota; especially vancomycin can significantly improve the gut microbiota structure in PE mice. Furthermore, FMT could transfer vancomycin-modified gut microbes into mice and inhibit the pathogenesis of PE, possibly due to increased intestinal colonization by Parasutterella. These data elucidate the underlying molecular mechanism by which early administration of vancomycin can remodel the gut microbiota to suppress PE, providing new clues for clinical optimization and development of PE prevention strategies.

Mammalian neurogenesis is a highly complicated process with programmed morphology and function evolution. Polarity, a basic characteristic in neurogenesis, is controlled by regulating proteins such as the partition defective (Par) proteins. Par polarity complex is the most investigated Par protein among these polarity proteins. There are developmental dynamic changes during neurogenesis for the protein distribution and content, which are related to the junction establishment, polarity formation, synaptogenesis, and neuronal migration. Moreover, Par complex is considered to affect the developmental fate of neural precursors. This study summarizes the advances of the protein cellular location, function, and mechanism in embryal neocortex and cultured neuron.