Pimarane diterpenes are a kind of tricyclic diterpene, generally isolated from plant and fungi. In nature, fungi distribute widely and there are nearly two to three million species. They provide many secondary metabolites, including pimarane diterpenes, with novel skeletons and bioactivities. These natural products from fungi have the potential to be developed into clinical medicines. Herein, the structures and bioactivities of 197 pimarane diterpenes are summarized and the biosynthesis and pharmacological researches of pimarane diterpenes are introduced. This review may be useful improving the understanding of pimarane diterpenes from fungi.

Six previously undescribed cytochalasins, Curtachalasins X1–X6 (1–6), together with six known compounds (7–12) were isolated from the endophytic fungus Xylaria curta E10 harbored in the plant Solanum tuberosum. The structures were elucidated by the interpretation of HRESIMS, UV, and NMR data. The absolute configurations of Curtachalasins X1–X6 were determined by comparison of their experimental and calculated electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectra. In bioassays, Curtachalasin X1 (1) and X5 (5) showed cytotoxic activity against the MCF-7 cell line with IC₅₀ values of 2.03 μM and 0.85 μM, respectively.

Four new polyketides, heterocornol Y (1), stemphyindan (2), pestalospirane C (3), and stemphyspyrane (4), along with five known ones (5–9) were isolated from the endophytic fungus Stemphylium globuliferum 17035 (SG17035) based on the One Strain Many Compounds (OSMAC) strategy allied with an LC-MS approach. These structures were elucidated through extensive spectroscopic analyses, single-crystal X-ray diffraction, and ¹³C NMR-DP4 analysis. Pestalospirane C (3) and stemphyspyrane (4) featured unprecedented spiroketal skeletons. In addition, the putative biosynthetic logic for compounds 1–4 was proposed. Antibacterial and cytotoxic activities of compounds 1–9 were evaluated. Stemphyspyrane (4) displayed promising antibacterial activity against different pathogens, especially against Staphylococcus aureus, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) with MIC values of 3.125 μM, 6.25 μM, and 12.5 μM, respectively. It is promising as an antibacterial agent for further optimization.

Background: Scarring that results in eyebrow loss is a cosmetic problem that can result in severe psychological distress. Although hair transplantation is increasingly used for eyebrow restoration, graft loss may occur, preventing achievement of desired results. Single-hair follicle transplantation, however, may be effective. The authors describe outcomes of a standardized method of eyebrow reconstruction, involving single-hair follicle transplantation combined with follicular unit extraction, in patients with absent eyebrows because of scarring. Methods: This study was approved by the institutional ethics committee of Nanfang Hospital and all patients provided written informed consent before surgery. The medical records of patients who underwent eyebrow reconstruction from 2012 to 2019 for eyebrow loss caused by scar formation were reviewed retrospectively. Outcomes evaluated included satisfaction, graft survival rate, and long-term complications. A nine-step standardized operating procedure was established for eyebrow reconstruction in patients with eyebrow absence attributable to scarring. Results: During the study period, 167 patients (205 eyebrows) underwent eyebrow reconstruction. Following the first stage of reconstruction, 95 percent of patients were highly satisfied with the density and natural appearance of their eyebrows. The average graft survival rate was 85 percent (range, 70 to 90 percent), significantly higher than the 75 percent survival rate previously reported. Fewer than 5 percent of patients underwent the second stage of reconstruction, with these patients expressing satisfaction with their outcomes. No obvious complications were observed. Conclusion: This standardized method may optimize outcomes in patients with eyebrow absence attributable to scarring. CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic, IV.