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Dr. Antonio M. Martinez-Graña
Department of Geology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Salamanca, Plaza Merced s/n, 37008 Salamanca, Spain

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0 Environmental Geology
0 Environmental Impact Assessment
0 Environmental Restoration
0 Strategic Environmental Assessment
0 GIS and Remote Sensing

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Geological heritage and landscape
Environmental Impact Assessment
Environmental Restoration
Strategic Environmental Assessment
GIS and Remote Sensing
Environmental Geology

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Journal article
Published: 27 July 2021 in Remote Sensing
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The sustainable management of fluvial systems requires reliable knowledge of the mechanisms that control the basins and their drainages, which in turn must be prioritized for the application of measures for flood-risk reduction. Thus, given the need to develop methodological frameworks capable of integrating remote sensing technologies at different scales, as well as traditional metrics and anthropic variables, in this study, a multiscale method is proposed for the characterization and prioritization of river stretches for fluvial risk management. This methodology involves the study of drivers at the watershed level, and a detailed morphometric and hydrogeomorphological analysis of the main channel for fluvial landscape classification, segmentation, and aggregation into units, considering also anthropic variables. Therefore, it includes the use of LiDAR data and exploration GIS tools, whose results are corroborated through fieldwork, where ephemeral and topographic evidence of fluvial dynamics are collected. The procedure is validated in the Carrión river basin, Palencia, Spain, where a high degree of maturity and geomorphological development are determined. Hence, the main channel can be classified into eight geomorphic units and divided into homogeneous segments, which, according to categorical elements such as urban interventions, are prioritized, obtaining, as a result, six stretches of main interest for river risk management.

ACS Style

Lorena Lombana; Antonio Martínez-Graña. Multiscale Hydrogeomorphometric Analysis for Fluvial Risk Management. Application in the Carrión River, Spain. Remote Sensing 2021, 13, 2955 .

AMA Style

Lorena Lombana, Antonio Martínez-Graña. Multiscale Hydrogeomorphometric Analysis for Fluvial Risk Management. Application in the Carrión River, Spain. Remote Sensing. 2021; 13 (15):2955.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lorena Lombana; Antonio Martínez-Graña. 2021. "Multiscale Hydrogeomorphometric Analysis for Fluvial Risk Management. Application in the Carrión River, Spain." Remote Sensing 13, no. 15: 2955.

Journal article
Published: 24 July 2021 in Agronomy
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In recent years, the interest of institutions in land use has increased, creating the need to determine the changes in use through spatial-temporal and statistical analysis. This study analyzes the changes over the last 40 years, based on a cartography of landscape units obtained from the study of geo-environmental parameters in the Jerte Valley (Spain) with satellite images, Landsat 5 and 7. Subsequently, through the analysis of spatial patterns and diversity and fragmentation indices, and with the Fragstat software, the landscape was characterized from 1994 to the present. The results show that wooded areas decreased slightly, crops increased in altitude and major environmental disturbances (mainly forest fires) negatively affected the environmental mosaic. Land uses affect the landscape by developing larger tesserae (+5 ha), which are less fragmented (−0.15), but more isolated (0.12). This study demonstrates that landscape metrics can be used to understand changes in spatial pattern, help in decision making to implement appropriate management measures in the conservation of traditional land uses, and allow the maintenance of connecting areas between fragments to avoid the loss of natural corridors to increase landscape quality.

ACS Style

Yolanda Sánchez Sánchez; Antonio Martínez Graña; Fernando Santos-Francés; Joan Reyes Ramos; Marco Criado. Multitemporal Analysis of Land Use Changes and Their Effect on the Landscape of the Jerte Valley (Spain) by Remote Sensing. Agronomy 2021, 11, 1470 .

AMA Style

Yolanda Sánchez Sánchez, Antonio Martínez Graña, Fernando Santos-Francés, Joan Reyes Ramos, Marco Criado. Multitemporal Analysis of Land Use Changes and Their Effect on the Landscape of the Jerte Valley (Spain) by Remote Sensing. Agronomy. 2021; 11 (8):1470.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yolanda Sánchez Sánchez; Antonio Martínez Graña; Fernando Santos-Francés; Joan Reyes Ramos; Marco Criado. 2021. "Multitemporal Analysis of Land Use Changes and Their Effect on the Landscape of the Jerte Valley (Spain) by Remote Sensing." Agronomy 11, no. 8: 1470.

Journal article
Published: 22 July 2021 in Agronomy
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Soil erosion is one of the most important environmental problems of the moment, especially in areas affected by wildfires. In this paper, we study pre-fire and post-fire erosion using remote sensing techniques with Sentinel-2 satellite images and LiDAR. The Normalized Burn Ratio is used to determine the areas affected by the fire that occurred on 18 August 2016 in the Natural Reserve of Garganta de los Infiernos (Cáceres). To calculate the erosion, the multi-criteria analysis is carried out from the RUSLE. Once all calculations were performed, there was a considerable increase in sediment production from 16 June 2016 (pre-fire) with an erosion of 31 T/ha·year to 16 June 2017 of 74 T/ha·year for areas of moderate fire severity, and an increase from 11 T/ha·year in 2016 to 70 T/ha·year for areas with a very high severity. From the NDVI, it was possible to verify that this also affected the recovery of post-fire vegetation, decreasing the NDVI index 0.36 in areas of moderate severity and 0.53 in areas of very high severity.

ACS Style

Yolanda Sánchez Sánchez; Antonio Martínez Graña; Fernando Santos- Francés. Remote Sensing Calculation of the Influence of Wildfire on Erosion in High Mountain Areas. Agronomy 2021, 11, 1459 .

AMA Style

Yolanda Sánchez Sánchez, Antonio Martínez Graña, Fernando Santos- Francés. Remote Sensing Calculation of the Influence of Wildfire on Erosion in High Mountain Areas. Agronomy. 2021; 11 (8):1459.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yolanda Sánchez Sánchez; Antonio Martínez Graña; Fernando Santos- Francés. 2021. "Remote Sensing Calculation of the Influence of Wildfire on Erosion in High Mountain Areas." Agronomy 11, no. 8: 1459.

Review article
Published: 03 July 2021 in Geoheritage
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This article identifies, describes, and characterizes, based on the analysis of 20 geosites, the geological heritage of the Béjar and El Barco massifs. Using 22 characteristics, and weighting coefficients, these geosites were qualitatively and quantitatively assessed (representativeness, accessibility, etc.) and classified into different groups depending on their extension (area, location, and points of geological interest) and potential use (scientific, didactic, tourism, and recreational). Consequently, 9 geosites were selected, owing to their importance and noteworthiness, and the geodiversity index (GI) was calculated using parametric cartographies (geomorphological units, lithology, vegetation and land uses, orientations, and slopes). The abundance of elements present within a given surface area was analyzed for each homogeneous territorial unit, defined by the specific geological, geomorphological, and natural environmental context being analyzed within the study area. Our results show that sites of geomorphological interest (SGI) have great importance and notoriety in relation to the glacial, periglacial, and fluviotorrencial events that occurred during cold periods and deglaciation. Moreover, a GI value of 24.38 was recorded for the highest areas due to the diversity of geoforms and current processes. The information obtained in this work could prove useful in the improvement of geosites, as it would allow geological heritage to be considered at the time of establishing plans for sustainable geoconservation.

ACS Style

Raquel Cruz; Antonio Martínez-Graña; José L. Goy; Noelia Nogueira. Analysis of the Geological Heritage and Geodiversity Index of Two Mountainous Areas in Spain: Béjar and El Barco Massifs. Geoheritage 2021, 13, 1 -16.

AMA Style

Raquel Cruz, Antonio Martínez-Graña, José L. Goy, Noelia Nogueira. Analysis of the Geological Heritage and Geodiversity Index of Two Mountainous Areas in Spain: Béjar and El Barco Massifs. Geoheritage. 2021; 13 (3):1-16.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Raquel Cruz; Antonio Martínez-Graña; José L. Goy; Noelia Nogueira. 2021. "Analysis of the Geological Heritage and Geodiversity Index of Two Mountainous Areas in Spain: Béjar and El Barco Massifs." Geoheritage 13, no. 3: 1-16.

Journal article
Published: 10 June 2021 in Agronomy
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Soil protection and the increase and intensification of agricultural production require detailed knowledge of soil properties and their variability. On the other hand, the complexity associated with traditional soil mapping processes can lead to the implementation of inappropriate agricultural practices that degrade this resource. Therefore, it is necessary to use mapping techniques to provide more detailed information to farmers and managers. In this study, the geostatistical technique ordinary kriging was used to map the distribution of the most important edaphic properties (texture, nutrients content -N, P, K-, pH, organic carbon, water retention, COLE, carbonate content, and cation exchange capacity) from known sampled points, which allows inferring the value and distribution of the different edaphic parameters studied along the agricultural fields. The results obtained show after validation that the analysis of semivariograms is suitable for evaluating the distribution of the main soil parameters on a large scale, since it faithfully reflects their distribution and makes the ordinary kriging tool a suitable method for optimizing the resources available in soil mapping processes. In addition, the knowledge of these distributions made it possible to establish different recommendations for improving the management of the agricultural ecosystem, which will guarantee a higher agricultural yield as well as a better protection of the analyzed soils.

ACS Style

Marco Criado; Antonio Martínez-Graña; Fernando Santos-Francés; Leticia Merchán. Improving the Management of a Semi-Arid Agricultural Ecosystem through Digital Mapping of Soil Properties: The Case of Salamanca (Spain). Agronomy 2021, 11, 1189 .

AMA Style

Marco Criado, Antonio Martínez-Graña, Fernando Santos-Francés, Leticia Merchán. Improving the Management of a Semi-Arid Agricultural Ecosystem through Digital Mapping of Soil Properties: The Case of Salamanca (Spain). Agronomy. 2021; 11 (6):1189.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marco Criado; Antonio Martínez-Graña; Fernando Santos-Francés; Leticia Merchán. 2021. "Improving the Management of a Semi-Arid Agricultural Ecosystem through Digital Mapping of Soil Properties: The Case of Salamanca (Spain)." Agronomy 11, no. 6: 1189.

Original article
Published: 27 February 2021 in Environmental Earth Sciences
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Fluvial spaces have a marked reduction at a global level because of anthropic processes, which have generated an increase in elements exposed to flooding. These spaces include natural flow courses and flood-prone lands. In Spain, natural channels are defined as Hydraulic Public Domain assets, whose delimitation is essential for their protection and flood risk management. However, demarcation of these areas with independent hydrological-hydraulic approaches has generated underestimates in the extension of water-covered lands, thus in recent years it has become clear that there is a need to integrate other variables, such as geology and fluvial geomorphology, which allow comprehension of river dynamics from processes that occurred in the past. Therefore, this study aims to contribute to a better understanding in the definition of areas belonging to natural channels through the development of a detailed hydrogeomorphological-historical method applied to Carrión river (Palencia, Spain). For this purpose, Digital Terrain Models were generated from high spatial resolution LIDAR data, on which erosive and sedimentary forms generated by water circulation were delimited, whose process was also supported in ephemeral and topographic evidences collected in field. With this input, depending on dynamic characteristics and river land vegetation, limits of the Hydraulic Public Domain were drawn. The products obtained are made up as optimized elements both for management of natural courses and for delimitation and zoning of new flooding areas by incorporating hydrogeomorphological criteria.

ACS Style

Lorena Lombana; Antonio Martínez-Graña. Hydrogeomorphological analysis for hydraulic public domain definition: case study in Carrión River (Palencia, Spain). Environmental Earth Sciences 2021, 80, 1 -14.

AMA Style

Lorena Lombana, Antonio Martínez-Graña. Hydrogeomorphological analysis for hydraulic public domain definition: case study in Carrión River (Palencia, Spain). Environmental Earth Sciences. 2021; 80 (5):1-14.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lorena Lombana; Antonio Martínez-Graña. 2021. "Hydrogeomorphological analysis for hydraulic public domain definition: case study in Carrión River (Palencia, Spain)." Environmental Earth Sciences 80, no. 5: 1-14.

Journal article
Published: 03 December 2020 in Sustainability
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From the geomorphological cartography, the geometric and spatial distribution of the quaternary forms and deposits are analyzed, with special relevance to the fluvial terraces that allow obtaining the chronology of the successive landscape changes of the course of the Tagus River attributed to the activity of the Fault of Alentejo-Plasencia (APF). The “Appalachian” relief of Monfragüe National Park, constituting a series of quartzitic combs with direction NW, between which they find slopes, hills and valleys following the same direction, for the dismantlement of the Cenozoic cover that was covering the substratum (still present in the central sector) and encasement of the Rivers Tagus and Tiétar. The remains of fluvial terraces inside and outside the Park stand out at different heights and so they originate from different times and show different landscapes along the routes of the Tagus river and its movement over time. In the north end (basin of the Campo Arañuelo), there are remains of ten fluvial terraces of relative importance attributed to the River Tagus (with heights relative to the thalweg between 120 and 20 m). In the south edge, there are eight levels attributed to a former fluvial drainage network, which assimilates to the River Tagus, with the more recent level reaching over 280 m on the current river. Neotectonics readjustments that rejuvenated the relief produced the elevation of the socle and cover, at the time of diversions in the path of the fluvial network, up to the structure and encasement (for supertax and/or antecedence). During the Quaternary, the activity of the Alentejo-Plasencia Fault (APF) has given rise to palaeogeographic changes in the fluvial valley of the Tagus River. During the ancient Lower Pleistocene, its course passed south of the current one (Talaván-Torrejón el Rubio basin); at the end of the Lower Pleistocene, it came out crossing the syncline through the Boquerón porthole, and the meander that bordered the town of Almaraz was abandoned; at the beginning of the Middle Pleistocene, it changes its direction, from NE–SW to SE–NW, leaving the porthole and joining the Tiétar river within the Park; later it moves somewhat to the south. These changes in the route and the anomalous fitting of the course of the Tagus River into the Paleozoic substrate, have been attributed to the APF, which, through impulses, has had a great activity from the Lower Pleistocene to the Middle Pleistocene.

ACS Style

José Goy; Raquel Cruz; Antonio Martínez-Graña; Virginia Valdés; Mariano Yenes. Geomorphological Map and Quaternary Landscape Evolution of the Monfragüe Park (Cáceres, Spain). Sustainability 2020, 12, 10099 .

AMA Style

José Goy, Raquel Cruz, Antonio Martínez-Graña, Virginia Valdés, Mariano Yenes. Geomorphological Map and Quaternary Landscape Evolution of the Monfragüe Park (Cáceres, Spain). Sustainability. 2020; 12 (23):10099.

Chicago/Turabian Style

José Goy; Raquel Cruz; Antonio Martínez-Graña; Virginia Valdés; Mariano Yenes. 2020. "Geomorphological Map and Quaternary Landscape Evolution of the Monfragüe Park (Cáceres, Spain)." Sustainability 12, no. 23: 10099.

Journal article
Published: 23 October 2020 in Remote Sensing
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The present study deals with the morphometric quantification of erosion and illustrates the uplift component triggered by denudation (isostasy) in the growth and evolution of a rising orogeny by the application of Airy isostasy concepts. The Gibraltar Arc, located in the Western–Central sector of the Betic Cordillera, developed an exceptional geological scenario during the Messinian Salinity Crisis since the thin emerged fringe of the uprising Cordillera disconnected the Atlantic and Mediterranean basins, generating a relevant misbalance and asymmetry in the fluvial erosion between the two slopes of the emergent orogeny. Our analysis was applied to 50 individual drainage basins (spatial isostatic units) in the Western–Central Betic Cordillera, allowing us to obtain individual and bulk estimates for these isostatic parameters. GIS-based numerical estimations were obtained using LiDAR Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) provided by the Spanish Geographical Institute and reconstructed pre-incision surface models obtained from proxy paleo-elevation data, estimated from stratigraphic and geomorphological littoral to shallow marine markers. The obtained values for geophysical relief, denudation plates, erosion/uplift rates and computed accumulated uplift (245 - 407 ±20 m) are higher for the ancient Mediterranean slope of the orogen. On the contrary, the Atlantic slope presents an accumulated uplift of only 138 -236 ±20 m, indicating the strong control of the ancient Messinian Atlantic–Mediterranean water divide. The temporal study of erosion indicates that most of the difference in uplift in the Mediterranean slope was achieved during or soon after the Messinian Salinity Crisis, resulting in mean uplift rates of 0.21 mm/y, but practically null (0.01 mm/y) for the Atlantic slope. The comparison of the geophysical relief models with proxy paleo-elevation data allowed us to assess the current state of the denudation process in the range. The results indicate that, towards the west of the range denudation compensated elevation, and is actively back-feeding isostatic rebound. Therefore, the contribution of external processes to mountain range elevation through isostasy is quantitatively estimated using elevation data. In this case, a relevant part of the surface uplift (50-55%) is undertaken by the orogen. Ultimately, the Messinian Salinity Crisis-related isostatic response to differential denudation may be behind the quaternary westward tilting of Iberia, causing more than 70% of the Peninsula to drain towards the Atlantic.

ACS Style

Javier Elez; Pablo Silva; Antonio Martínez-Graña. Quantification of Erosion and Uplift in a Rising Orogen—A Large-Scale Perspective (Late Tortonian to Present): The Case of the Gibraltar Arc, Betic Cordillera, Southern Spain. Remote Sensing 2020, 12, 3492 .

AMA Style

Javier Elez, Pablo Silva, Antonio Martínez-Graña. Quantification of Erosion and Uplift in a Rising Orogen—A Large-Scale Perspective (Late Tortonian to Present): The Case of the Gibraltar Arc, Betic Cordillera, Southern Spain. Remote Sensing. 2020; 12 (21):3492.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Javier Elez; Pablo Silva; Antonio Martínez-Graña. 2020. "Quantification of Erosion and Uplift in a Rising Orogen—A Large-Scale Perspective (Late Tortonian to Present): The Case of the Gibraltar Arc, Betic Cordillera, Southern Spain." Remote Sensing 12, no. 21: 3492.

Original article
Published: 30 September 2020 in Environmental Earth Sciences
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The Portoviejo city, located in the central part of the Ecuadorian Pacific Coast (province of Manabí), was severely affected during the Pedernales Mw 7.8 earthquake of April 16, 2016, accompanied by coseismic liquefaction phenomena that induced processes of ground subsidence, lateral spreading, sinkhole, and sand boils. The present study proposes the detection and delimitation of the areas affected by the relief deformation, associated liquefaction processes, which occurred in the urban area of Portoviejo city and especially in the Zero Zone of greater destruction after the earthquake, through the application of Differential Interferometry Synthetic Aperture Radar (INSAR) methodology, using Sentinel 1A satellite images, plus the support of geological–geotechnical data obtained from boreholes and standard penetration tests to evaluate the liquefaction potential of the layers of the subsoil based on the Potential Liquefaction Index, considering the seismic scenario of amax 0.5 g for the urban area and the Zero Zone. This procedure allowed the delimitation of areas of high seismic risk for the proper coordination and management of the construction and reconstruction processes in the city of Portoviejo and specifically in the Ground Zero.

ACS Style

Marcelo Cando-Jácome; Antonio Martínez-Graña; Kervin Chunga; Eduardo Ortíz-Hernández. Satellite radar interferometry for assessing coseismic liquefaction in Portoviejo city, induced by the Mw 7.8 2016 Pedernales, Ecuador earthquake. Environmental Earth Sciences 2020, 79, 1 -16.

AMA Style

Marcelo Cando-Jácome, Antonio Martínez-Graña, Kervin Chunga, Eduardo Ortíz-Hernández. Satellite radar interferometry for assessing coseismic liquefaction in Portoviejo city, induced by the Mw 7.8 2016 Pedernales, Ecuador earthquake. Environmental Earth Sciences. 2020; 79 (19):1-16.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marcelo Cando-Jácome; Antonio Martínez-Graña; Kervin Chunga; Eduardo Ortíz-Hernández. 2020. "Satellite radar interferometry for assessing coseismic liquefaction in Portoviejo city, induced by the Mw 7.8 2016 Pedernales, Ecuador earthquake." Environmental Earth Sciences 79, no. 19: 1-16.

Journal article
Published: 23 September 2020 in Sustainability
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This paper aims to study the Quaternary geomorphological evolution of the Yeltes river-valley (Duero Basin, Central Spain) primarily based on the study of the Late Neogene piedmont dissected by the river and its Quaternary terrace sequence, since fluvial terraces are excellent archives to study the landscape and climate evolution during this period. Detailed geomorphological mapping implemented in GIS-based digital elevation models was used to the further applications of existing fluvial chronofunctions (relative terrace height-age transfer functions) to establish a numerical geochronology to the sequence of fluvial terraces in the zone. The obtained theoretical ages points to an onset of fluvial incision in the zone after 2.0–2.5 Myr ago, with the dissection of the “Raña surface” (a Gelasian alluvial piedmont widely developed in Central Spain). The obtained terrace ages coincide, in most cases, with warm isotopic stages (MIS) or mainly with the transit of cold to warm MIS. Additionally, this study suggests that the full connectivity of the Yeltes drainage (Ciudad Rodrigo Basin) with the Atlantic drainage was not completely effective until MIS 9 (c. 0.29 Myr). The new reported data allows for the exploration of the timing and processes involved in the capture of inland sedimentary basins (Ciudad Rodrigo, Duero basins) by the Atlantic drainage during the early Quaternary.

ACS Style

Iván Martín-Martín; Pablo-Gabriel Silva; Antonio Martínez-Graña; Javier Elez. Geomorphological and Geochronological Analysis Applied to the Quaternary Landscape Evolution of the Yeltes River (Salamanca, Spain). Sustainability 2020, 12, 7869 .

AMA Style

Iván Martín-Martín, Pablo-Gabriel Silva, Antonio Martínez-Graña, Javier Elez. Geomorphological and Geochronological Analysis Applied to the Quaternary Landscape Evolution of the Yeltes River (Salamanca, Spain). Sustainability. 2020; 12 (19):7869.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Iván Martín-Martín; Pablo-Gabriel Silva; Antonio Martínez-Graña; Javier Elez. 2020. "Geomorphological and Geochronological Analysis Applied to the Quaternary Landscape Evolution of the Yeltes River (Salamanca, Spain)." Sustainability 12, no. 19: 7869.

Original article
Published: 31 August 2020 in Geoheritage
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The municipality of Monsagro, a mountain location in Las Batuecas-Sierra de Francia Natural Park (Salamanca, Spain), has recently developed two paleontological outreach projects: a Fossil Footprints Geo-route within the urban area and a modern Centre for the Interpretation of Ancient Seas. They are based on the abundance and popular interest of Cruziana and other ichnofossils, which have been added as architectural elements in many buildings of the village constituting a curious ethnopaleontological phenomenon. The Monsagro ichnofossils are ex situ paleontological heritage submitted to non-standard conditions of conservation. Its scientific value is therefore limited, but its social value is high, and the support of both population and public administration gives the strength for the success of the referred outreach/geotourist initiatives. An on-site survey conducted with village inhabitants and visitors reveals their high popular estimate, and how these have contributed to increasing scientific culture of citizens and socio-economic development of this rural area.

ACS Style

Guillermo Simón-Porcar; Antonio Martínez-Graña; José L. Simón; José Á. González-Delgado; Paulo Legoinha. Ordovician Ichnofossils and Popular Architecture in Monsagro (Salamanca, Spain): Ethnopaleontology in the Service of Rural Development. Geoheritage 2020, 12, 1 -17.

AMA Style

Guillermo Simón-Porcar, Antonio Martínez-Graña, José L. Simón, José Á. González-Delgado, Paulo Legoinha. Ordovician Ichnofossils and Popular Architecture in Monsagro (Salamanca, Spain): Ethnopaleontology in the Service of Rural Development. Geoheritage. 2020; 12 (3):1-17.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Guillermo Simón-Porcar; Antonio Martínez-Graña; José L. Simón; José Á. González-Delgado; Paulo Legoinha. 2020. "Ordovician Ichnofossils and Popular Architecture in Monsagro (Salamanca, Spain): Ethnopaleontology in the Service of Rural Development." Geoheritage 12, no. 3: 1-17.

Journal article
Published: 08 August 2020 in Sustainability
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In recent years, the landscape has become another environmental resource, so it is important to incorporate it into planning actions. However, its broad sense of study has made it difficult to develop methodologies that precisely diagnose the state of the landscape and its management requirements, especially in dynamic spaces like urban areas. In order to develop a method capable of providing information that can be incorporated into environmental assessment and territorial planning tasks so that the needs of the landscape are taken into account in the decision-making stages, an objective methodology is presented based on the study of different parameters (biotic, abiotic and socioeconomic) analyzed in the field and subsequently geoprocessed through Geographic Information Systems according to their influence on the landscape. Through the proposed methodology it is possible to determine the quality, fragility and need of protection of the landscape, as well as to identify the diverse landscape units that form the landscape of a territory. Based on these results, a landscape diagnosis can be drawn up to quantify its overall and partial state, carry out monitoring analyses and make comparisons between different landscape units, so that management measures can be adopted according to the obtained scenarios.

ACS Style

Marco Criado; Antonio Martínez-Graña; Fernando Santos-Francés; Leticia Merchán. Landscape Evaluation as a Complementary Tool in Environmental Assessment. Study Case in Urban Areas: Salamanca (Spain). Sustainability 2020, 12, 6395 .

AMA Style

Marco Criado, Antonio Martínez-Graña, Fernando Santos-Francés, Leticia Merchán. Landscape Evaluation as a Complementary Tool in Environmental Assessment. Study Case in Urban Areas: Salamanca (Spain). Sustainability. 2020; 12 (16):6395.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marco Criado; Antonio Martínez-Graña; Fernando Santos-Francés; Leticia Merchán. 2020. "Landscape Evaluation as a Complementary Tool in Environmental Assessment. Study Case in Urban Areas: Salamanca (Spain)." Sustainability 12, no. 16: 6395.

Journal article
Published: 17 May 2020 in Remote Sensing
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In Zaruma city, located in the El Oro province, Ecuador, gold mines have been exploited since before the colonial period. According to the chroniclers of that time, 2700 tons of gold were sent to Spain. This exploitation continued in the colonial, republican, and current periods. The legalized mining operation, with foreign companies such as South Development Company (SADCO) and national companies such as the Associated Industrial Mining Company (CIMA), exploited the mines legally until they dissolved and gave rise to small associations, artisanal mining, and, with them, illegal mining. Illegal underground mining is generated without order and technical direction, and cuts mineralized veins in andesitic rocks, volcanic breccia, tuffs and dacitic porphyry that have been intensely weatherized from surface to more than 80 meters depth. These rocks have become totally altered soils and saprolites, which have caused the destabilization of the mining galleries and the superficial collapse of the topographic relief. The illegal miners, called "Sableros", after a period of exploitation at one site, when the gold grade decreased, abandon these illegal mines to begin other mining work at other sites near mineralized veins or near legalized mining galleries in operation. Due to this anthropic activity of illegal exploitation through the mining galleries and “piques” that remain under the colonial center of the city, sinkings have occurred in various sectors detected and reported in various technical reports since 1995. The Ecuadorian Government has been unable to control these illegal mining activities. The indicators of initial subsidence of the terrain are small movements that accumulate over a time and that can be detected with InSAR technology in large areas, improving the traditional detection performed with geodetic instrumentation such as total stations and geodetic marks. Recent subsidence at Fe y Alegría-La Immaculada School, the city’s hospital and Gonzalo Pizarro Street, indicates that there is active subsidence in these and other sectors of the city. The dynamic triggers that have possibly accelerated the rate of subsidence and landslides on the slopes are earthquakes (5 to 6 Mw) and heavy rains in deforested areas. Although several sinks and active subsidence caused by underground mining were detected in these sectors and in other sectors in previous decades, which were detailed in various reports of geological hazards prepared by specialized institutions, underground mining has continued under the colonial city center. In view of the existing risk, this article presents a forecasting methodology for the constant monitoring of long-term soil subsidence, especially in the center of the colonial city, which is a national cultural heritage and candidate for the cultural heritage of humanity. This is a proposal for the use of synthetic aperture radar interferometry (InSAR) for the subsidence analysis of topographic relief in the colonial area of the city of Zaruma by illegal mining galleries.

ACS Style

Marcelo Cando Jácome; A. M. Martinez-Graña; V. Valdés. Detection of Terrain Deformations Using InSAR Techniques in Relation to Results on Terrain Subsidence (Ciudad de Zaruma, Ecuador). Remote Sensing 2020, 12, 1598 .

AMA Style

Marcelo Cando Jácome, A. M. Martinez-Graña, V. Valdés. Detection of Terrain Deformations Using InSAR Techniques in Relation to Results on Terrain Subsidence (Ciudad de Zaruma, Ecuador). Remote Sensing. 2020; 12 (10):1598.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marcelo Cando Jácome; A. M. Martinez-Graña; V. Valdés. 2020. "Detection of Terrain Deformations Using InSAR Techniques in Relation to Results on Terrain Subsidence (Ciudad de Zaruma, Ecuador)." Remote Sensing 12, no. 10: 1598.

Review article
Published: 04 April 2020 in Geoheritage
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Some natural scenes of films shooting contain landscapes and other elements that are part of the geological heritage, representing an added value for the growing cultural tourism that visits them. In the SE of Burgos province (Spain), near some filming locations of the classic western movie directed by Sergio Leone (1966), “The Good, the Bad and the Ugly”, we have assessed the Geological Heritage of 6 selected sites: (1) Dinosaur tracks; (2) Paleo-river structures preserved; (3) Fossil trees; (4) Sad Hill; (5) Marine Cretaceous fossils; and (6) La Yecla Gorge. Their tourist-cultural, scientific and educational values range from 775 points in La Yecla Gorge site to 450 in Marine Cretaceous fossils site. A virtual tour is presented implementing Augmented Reality on Google Earth with detailed but easily understanding descriptive information of each site, suggested activities for tourism and a free geoapp. The proposed technologies can enhance geotourism, favouring sustainable development and fostering attitudes and skills related to the tourist’s respect for nature.

ACS Style

José Ángel González-Delgado; Antonio Martínez-Graña; Marina Holgado; Juan Carlos Gonzalo; Paulo Legoinha. Augmented Reality as a Tool for Promoting the Tourist Value of the Geological Heritage Around Natural Filming Locations: a Case Study in “Sad Hill” (The Good, the Bad and the Ugly Movie, Burgos, Spain). Geoheritage 2020, 12, 1 -11.

AMA Style

José Ángel González-Delgado, Antonio Martínez-Graña, Marina Holgado, Juan Carlos Gonzalo, Paulo Legoinha. Augmented Reality as a Tool for Promoting the Tourist Value of the Geological Heritage Around Natural Filming Locations: a Case Study in “Sad Hill” (The Good, the Bad and the Ugly Movie, Burgos, Spain). Geoheritage. 2020; 12 (2):1-11.

Chicago/Turabian Style

José Ángel González-Delgado; Antonio Martínez-Graña; Marina Holgado; Juan Carlos Gonzalo; Paulo Legoinha. 2020. "Augmented Reality as a Tool for Promoting the Tourist Value of the Geological Heritage Around Natural Filming Locations: a Case Study in “Sad Hill” (The Good, the Bad and the Ugly Movie, Burgos, Spain)." Geoheritage 12, no. 2: 1-11.

Journal article
Published: 02 April 2020 in Remote Sensing
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The lack of urban sustainability is a widespread deficiency in urban agglomerations. To achieve adequate land use, we present a methodology that allows for: 1) the identification of the impacts caused by urban expansion since 1956 to the present in Salamanca (Spain); and 2) the promotion of a more sustainable future in urban development. A multi-temporal assessment of land use was made by remote sensing, while sustainability criteria were analyzed using the multicriteria analysis (MCA) with Geographical Information Systems (GIS). In addition, we established recommendations for soil carbon management in semi-arid ecosystem soils that contribute to climate change mitigation. The results show an increase of the urbanized area from 3.8% to 22.3% in the studied period, identifying up to 15% of buildings in zones with some type of restriction. In 71% of the cases, urbanization caused the sealing of productive agricultural soils (2519 Ha), almost 20% of which were of the highest quality. In last few decades, an excessive increase of built-up areas in comparison to population dynamics was identified, which causes unnecessary soil sealing that affects the food production and the capacity to mitigate climate change by managing the carbon cycle in the soil.

ACS Style

Marco Criado; Fernando Santos-Francés; Antonio Martínez-Graña; Yolanda Sánchez; Leticia Merchán. Multitemporal Analysis of Soil Sealing and Land Use Changes Linked to Urban Expansion of Salamanca (Spain) Using Landsat Images and Soil Carbon Management as a Mitigating Tool for Climate Change. Remote Sensing 2020, 12, 1131 .

AMA Style

Marco Criado, Fernando Santos-Francés, Antonio Martínez-Graña, Yolanda Sánchez, Leticia Merchán. Multitemporal Analysis of Soil Sealing and Land Use Changes Linked to Urban Expansion of Salamanca (Spain) Using Landsat Images and Soil Carbon Management as a Mitigating Tool for Climate Change. Remote Sensing. 2020; 12 (7):1131.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marco Criado; Fernando Santos-Francés; Antonio Martínez-Graña; Yolanda Sánchez; Leticia Merchán. 2020. "Multitemporal Analysis of Soil Sealing and Land Use Changes Linked to Urban Expansion of Salamanca (Spain) Using Landsat Images and Soil Carbon Management as a Mitigating Tool for Climate Change." Remote Sensing 12, no. 7: 1131.

Journal article
Published: 24 January 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry (InSAR) is a spatial technique based on obtaining the phase differences of two radar images, acquired by a satellite from separate orbits and at different times, to obtain a ground displacement image of a study area, This image is called interferogram. On the other hand, space syntax is a technique within architecture that is applied to quantify and describe the level of ease of population movement through any urban space in a city. It analyzes the flow, transit, displacement, accessibility and concentration of the population in areas of basic services, health, security, commerce and entertainment. What would happen if an earthquake greater than 6 or 7 Moment Magnitude-Mw occurs in these areas of intense concentration of the population that are in buildings constructed on intense deformations of the land? With respect to the seismic risk in the city of Quito, many studies related to seismic risks have been published, but there are no studies that relate the deformation of the land (INSAR) with the space syntax, so this article presents a new vision in the joint application of these tools, a useful vision for urban planners and designers, considering the occurrence of a major earthquake in areas of buildings that are located on intense land deformations and have high population concentrations. This study has been prepared in two phases: in the first phase, the built-up areas concentrated in the greatest terrain deformations by accumulated displacement obtained using the APS estimation & multitemporal analysis by PSI-InSAR time series analysis methodology and Sentinel 1A and 1B satellite images were categorized. In the second phase, through the space syntax’s theory and the use of DepthmapX, the movement patterns and traffic flows of the population were determined by means of graphs of spaces interconnected by streets (axial maps), to predict the spatial behavior of humans and its concentration in the mentioned sites. Finally, the results were integrated, determining the degree of exposure of the population found in built areas with high to very high displacement and an intense population concentration.

ACS Style

Marcelo Cando-Jácome; Antonio Martínez-Graña; Virginia Valdés. Prevention of Disasters Related to Extreme Natural Ground Deformation Events by Applying Spatial Modeling in Urban Areas (Quito, Ecuador). International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 753 .

AMA Style

Marcelo Cando-Jácome, Antonio Martínez-Graña, Virginia Valdés. Prevention of Disasters Related to Extreme Natural Ground Deformation Events by Applying Spatial Modeling in Urban Areas (Quito, Ecuador). International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (3):753.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marcelo Cando-Jácome; Antonio Martínez-Graña; Virginia Valdés. 2020. "Prevention of Disasters Related to Extreme Natural Ground Deformation Events by Applying Spatial Modeling in Urban Areas (Quito, Ecuador)." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 3: 753.

Journal article
Published: 17 December 2019 in Sustainability
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This paper presents a geomorphological analysis of the Tormes River during the Quaternary. The Tormes River formed in the center-west of the Iberian Peninsula in the province of Salamanca. It runs along a Cenozoic basin with basement materials and through Varisco, and consists of mainly granitic and metamorphic materials, leaving a wide stream of river terraces, both erosional and depositional, that confirm its evolution throughout the Quaternary. Geomorphological analyses using Geographic Information Systems tools, Digital terrain model high resolution (MDT05, LIDAR), Orthophotos (scale 1:5000), and geological maps (1:50,000 Series Magna) have allowed different morphologies and depositional terraces to be distinguished, namely, 19 levels of erosional terraces and 3 levels of erosion surfaces. Based on these correlations, the levels of terraces in the Tormes River between T1 (+140 m) and T7 (+75–80 m) are located in the Pleistocene, those between T8 (+58–64 m) and T14 (+18–23 m) in the Middle Pleistocene, those between T15 (+12–13 m) and T17 (+6–7 m) in the Upper Pleistocene, and those between T18 (+3 m) and T19 (+1.5 m) in the Holocene. The erosion surfaces are divided into six levels: S6 (+145 m), S5 (+150 m), S4 (+160 m), S3 (+170 m), S2 (+180 m) and S1 (+190 m) located in the Lower Pleistocene, This work performs a geomorphological mapping procedure applied to the evolutionary analysis of the landscape, so that it determines different geomorphological units allowing the relief and morphology of the terrain in past times, establishing a dynamic analysis of the landscapes.

ACS Style

J.L. Goy; G. Rodríguez López; A.M. Martínez-Graña; R. Cruz; V. Valdés. Geomorphological Analysis Applied to the Evolution of the Quaternary Landscape of the Tormes River (Salamanca, Spain). Sustainability 2019, 11, 7255 .

AMA Style

J.L. Goy, G. Rodríguez López, A.M. Martínez-Graña, R. Cruz, V. Valdés. Geomorphological Analysis Applied to the Evolution of the Quaternary Landscape of the Tormes River (Salamanca, Spain). Sustainability. 2019; 11 (24):7255.

Chicago/Turabian Style

J.L. Goy; G. Rodríguez López; A.M. Martínez-Graña; R. Cruz; V. Valdés. 2019. "Geomorphological Analysis Applied to the Evolution of the Quaternary Landscape of the Tormes River (Salamanca, Spain)." Sustainability 11, no. 24: 7255.

Journal article
Published: 01 November 2019 in Geoderma
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ACS Style

Fernando Santos-Francés; Antonio Miguel Martínez-Graña; Carmelo Ávila-Zarza; Marco Criado; Yolanda Sanchez Sanchez. Comparison of methods for evaluating soil quality of semiarid ecosystem and evaluation of the effects of physico-chemical properties and factor soil erodibility (Northern Plateau, Spain). Geoderma 2019, 354, 113872 .

AMA Style

Fernando Santos-Francés, Antonio Miguel Martínez-Graña, Carmelo Ávila-Zarza, Marco Criado, Yolanda Sanchez Sanchez. Comparison of methods for evaluating soil quality of semiarid ecosystem and evaluation of the effects of physico-chemical properties and factor soil erodibility (Northern Plateau, Spain). Geoderma. 2019; 354 ():113872.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Fernando Santos-Francés; Antonio Miguel Martínez-Graña; Carmelo Ávila-Zarza; Marco Criado; Yolanda Sanchez Sanchez. 2019. "Comparison of methods for evaluating soil quality of semiarid ecosystem and evaluation of the effects of physico-chemical properties and factor soil erodibility (Northern Plateau, Spain)." Geoderma 354, no. : 113872.

Journal article
Published: 17 August 2019 in Ecological Indicators
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Climate variables such as temperature, insolation, and precipitation directly affect production as well as the quality of wine. This article simulates the climatic conditions of the Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) Sierra de Salamanca in 2050, in order to delimit the potential areas for the cultivation of Vitis vinifera, and thus, adapt the current vineyards in addition to developing new vineyards in potential areas with suitable varieties. The 2050 climatic conditions were calculated from the study of different bioclimatic indexes including the Growing season suitability (GSS), Growing season precipitation (GSP), Degree-days of Winkler and Amerie (Winkler Index), and Huglin Index (HI), etc. from 1950 to 2018. Based on the trends observed from each index, continuous maps were developed by the interpolation of the inverse of the distance to classify the area bioclimatically. These indices were later extrapolated and analysed in order to biographically map the PDO in the year 2050, dividing the study area into three zones for the cultivation of the vineyard: very favourable, favourable, and appropriate. This study proved that in the next 30 years, temperature will increase and rainfall will decrease in the PDO Sierra de Salamanca, causing a 75% reduction in the very favourable area for the cultivation of the vineyard. The favourable area will be reduced by half while the appropriate area will increase by four times its current size.

ACS Style

Y. Sánchez; A.M. Martínez-Graña; F. Santos-Francés; M. Yenes. Index for the calculation of future wine areas according to climate change application to the protected designation of origin “Sierra de Salamanca” (Spain). Ecological Indicators 2019, 107, 105646 .

AMA Style

Y. Sánchez, A.M. Martínez-Graña, F. Santos-Francés, M. Yenes. Index for the calculation of future wine areas according to climate change application to the protected designation of origin “Sierra de Salamanca” (Spain). Ecological Indicators. 2019; 107 ():105646.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Y. Sánchez; A.M. Martínez-Graña; F. Santos-Francés; M. Yenes. 2019. "Index for the calculation of future wine areas according to climate change application to the protected designation of origin “Sierra de Salamanca” (Spain)." Ecological Indicators 107, no. : 105646.

Original article
Published: 06 August 2019 in Environmental Earth Sciences
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The earthquake of April 16, 2016 caused huge economic losses and human lives in Ground Zero of the city of Manta, Ecuador. The present study delimited the affected areas by superficial deformation and vertical displacements of the relief in this zone by means of the differential interferometry analysis (DInSAR), with the support of geophysical techniques such as electrical tomography of the subsoil and of georadar in combination with the analysis of concentration of structural lineaments-tectonic deformation, seismicity and geotechnical parameters such as soil liquefaction indexes, cutting wave velocity Vs30, among others. This combination of techniques allowed the spatial location with greater certainty of areas susceptible to seismic risk for construction and related to the soils typology of the Ecuadorian Construction Standard-NEC 2015. This proposed methodology improved forecasting mechanisms for the reduction of seismic risk based on maps of its susceptibility to the possible occurrence of an earthquake of magnitude as that of 16 April 16, 2016. Forecast that can be done to protect engineering works and to the population, especially in tectonically deformed areas.

ACS Style

M. Cando-Jácome; A. Martínez-Graña. Differential interferometry, structural lineaments and terrain deformation analysis applied in Zero Zone 2016 Earthquake (Manta, Ecuador). Environmental Earth Sciences 2019, 78, 1 -15.

AMA Style

M. Cando-Jácome, A. Martínez-Graña. Differential interferometry, structural lineaments and terrain deformation analysis applied in Zero Zone 2016 Earthquake (Manta, Ecuador). Environmental Earth Sciences. 2019; 78 (16):1-15.

Chicago/Turabian Style

M. Cando-Jácome; A. Martínez-Graña. 2019. "Differential interferometry, structural lineaments and terrain deformation analysis applied in Zero Zone 2016 Earthquake (Manta, Ecuador)." Environmental Earth Sciences 78, no. 16: 1-15.