Two benzimidazole derivatives, i.e. 2-(2-aminophenyl)-1H-benzimidazole (APhBI) and 2-(2-hydroxophenyl)-1H-benzimidazole (HPhBI) were found to successfully mitigate the corrosion of S235 steel in 1 M HCl solution, at 298–318 K.

The corrosion inhibition performance of the walnut fruit (Juglans regia L.) septum alcoholic extract for Fe B500B steel bars in a mixed acidic solution (H2SO4/HCl) is reported. Weight loss, potentiodynamic polarization, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements were performed at 298 to 318 K, with the addition of various extract concentrations. Results showed the maximum corrosion inhibition efficiency of 86.99 % for 300 mg L-1 extract added. The extract acts as a mixed-type inhibitor, predominantly affect­ing the anodic side, following Flory-Huggins adsorption isotherm. Thermodynamic analysis indicated an endothermic process with both chemisorption and physisorption on the steel bar surface. Surface characterization was conducted using ATR-FTIR, UV-vis and SEM techniques to prove the adsorption of the inhibitor molecules on the steel bar surface. Also, a possible adsorption mechanism of inhibitor molecules was proposed.

Water pollution from phenols remains a critical concern due to their persistence, toxicity, and industrial prevalence. Graphene oxide (GOx), with its functional groups and large surface area, offers strong adsorption potential. Using density functional theory (DFT), reduced density gradient (RDG), and quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR), we examined how protonation and substituents influence phenol adsorption. Deprotonated phenolates bind more strongly to GO than neutral species via electrostatics and H-bonding. Substituents alter affinity: halogens enhance it, bulky alkyls hinder it, and nitro groups show electron-withdrawing effects. Bisphenolate A displayed multidentate binding. QSAR models reproduced DFT energies with R² > 0.99, enabling fast prediction. These results highlight how pH speciation and substituents govern adsorption on GO, guiding the design of efficient water treatment materials.

This study investigated the electrochemical determination of flavonoids in Albanian wines using carbon paste electrodes modified with various materials. We employed an ex-situ method to minimize interferences from complex wine matrices, focusing on catechins as flavonoids representatives. The modifiers included Zeolite type X, and clay from the Prrenjasi region in Albania. Differential pulse voltammetry, cyclic voltammetry, electro­chemical impedance spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy were utilized to characterize the modified electrodes. Results indicated that the carbon paste electrode modified by Prrenjasi clay (PCME) exhibits the highest sensitivity, with the lowest electron transfer resistance and largest active surface area. Also, PCME was chosen for its linear background, low cost, and excellent sensitivity for total flavonoid determinations in Albanian wines. The method demonstrated a limit of detection of 99.3 nM and a limit of quantification of 331 nM. The catechin equivalent flavonoids in the analysed Albanian wine samples ranged between 513.13 and 2156.07 mg L⁻¹. The diffusion coefficient of catechin was determined to be 1.38×10-⁵ cm² s-1. A comparative analysis was also performed using UV-VIS spectrophotometry, which determined the total flavonoid content in each analysed wine. The study demonstrated the potential of using PCME carbon paste electrodes for reliable flavonoid quantification in Albanian wines.