A systematic review (SR) is a research method for synthesizing evidence on a specific topic. Among the various types of systematic reviews, there are SRs of guidelines (CPGs) and SRs of SRs. Traditionally, they are limited to just one type of secondary evidence. This paper introduces an innovative SR methodology that combines CPGs and SRs to improve evidence synthesis and overcome the limitations of isolated use. Essential steps that should always precede the actual research process include registering the research protocol, formulating research questions and setting inclusion/exclusion criteria. Using the PRISMA protocol for comprehensive database searches, it's crucial to combine keywords with boolean operators and remove duplicates. The eligibility of studies should be assessed by selecting potentially relevant articles through an initial screening of titles and abstracts, followed by a meticulous analysis of the full-texts. Rigorous evidence evaluation tools, such as AGREE II for CPGs and AMSTAR 2 for SRs, and the double reviewer approach ensure high-quality selections. Additionally, converting summarized results into percentages and applying statistical analyses facilitate interpretation and improve the reliability of rater assessments. A further characteristic of this methodology is its adaptability to the evolution of healthcare research.

Introduction: Moral injury involves the adverse psychological, biological, spiritual, behavioural, and social consequences of actions that violate moral values. It can lead to anxiety, depression, burnout, and post-traumatic stress disorder. Nurses, who often face ethical dilemmas, are particularly vulnerable. Despite its significance, the relationship between moral injury and mental health outcomes in nurses remains underexplored. Aim: This systematic review aimed to describe the associations among moral injury, anxiety, depression, and quality of life in nurses. Methods: The review was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42023438731) and was conducted following the PRISMA guidelines. A literature search was performed in December 2023 across PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus, and Web of Science. Peer-reviewed primary research involving nurses, published in English or Italian, without time restrictions, was considered eligible. The risk of bias and the quality of evidence were assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute checklist and the GRADE approach. Results: Out of 4730 articles identified, eight met the inclusion criteria. The analysis revealed significant positive associations between moral injury, anxiety, and depression, along with a significant negative association with quality of life. Conclusion: These findings highlight the need for healthcare systems to implement strategies that mitigate moral injury among nurses. Future research should prioritize longitudinal studies to explore causal relationships and develop targeted interventions. Additionally, standardizing the concept and measurements of moral injury is crucial for enhancing the comparability and understanding of this phenomenon.

Background: The interest in phenolic compounds present in foods of vegetable origin has shown a notable increase in recent decades. This interest is due to the growing number of scientific studies concerning their beneficial role in human health. The interest in polyphenols has been supported by the current and growing awareness, and attention of consumers to food from a food safety viewpoint and also because of the beneficial effects ascribed to polyphenols. Objective: The aim of this article is to highlight antibacterial, antifungal, and anti-inflammatory activities of various phenolic compounds normally found in certain foods. Conclusions: Phenolic compounds exert different biological functions, such as antioxidant activity, modulation of detoxifying enzymes, stimulation of the immune system, reduction of platelet aggregation, modulation of hormonal metabolism, reduction of blood pressure, and anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral, and antifungal activities.

Dysgeusia, a common altered taste perception in CKD patients, results in reduced taste acuity, impaired salt detection, and a metallic taste sensation, leading to nutritional alterations. The study aims to identify available treatments for educating, screening, and clinically managing dysgeusia in this population. A scoping review was conducted following the protocol of Arksey and O'Malley, incorporating the JBI methodology, and adhering to the PRISMA-ScR guidelines. The review protocol was registered on Open Science Framework (https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/RS2A6). Among the 424 identified records, 13 studies were included. Screening methodologies included taste acuity tests, evaluation scales, and chemical tests integrated with cotton swab applicators and rinsing solutions. Furthermore, educational strategies, particularly a hospital-based program focusing on salt reduction, showed a significant improvement in dysgeusia (p < 0.001). The identified clinical treatments exclusively included oral zinc supplementation, with dosages ranging from 50 to 220 mg, reporting heterogeneous results not consistent across different studies. The personalized management of dysgeusia associated with CKD is crucial, requiring targeted education and treatment protocols to prevent and address nutritional complications such as malnutrition. The heterogeneity of results emphasizes the need for further high-quality research to produce robust scientific evidence.