The growing global demand for computational resources, particularly in Artificial Intelligence (AI) applications, raises increasing concerns about energy consumption and its environmental impact. This study introduces a newly developed energy consumption index that evaluates the energy efficiency of Deep Learning (DL) models, providing a standardized and adaptable approach for various models. Convolutional neural networks, including both classical and modern architectures, serve as the primary case study to demonstrate the applicability of the index. Furthermore, the inclusion of the Swin Transformer, a state-of-the-art and modern non-convolutional model, highlights the adaptability of the framework to diverse architectural paradigms. This study analyzes the energy consumption during both training and inference of representative DL architectures, including AlexNet, ResNet18, VGG16, EfficientNet-B3, ConvNeXt-T, and Swin Transformer, trained on the Imagenette dataset using TITAN XP and GTX 1080 GPUs. Energy measurements are obtained using sensor-based tools, including OpenZmeter (v2) with integrated electrical sensors. Additionally, software-based tools such as CarbonTracker (v1.2.5) and CodeCarbon (v2.4.1) retrieve energy consumption data from computational component sensors. The results reveal significant differences in energy efficiency across architectures and GPUs, providing insights into the trade-offs between model performance and energy use. By offering a flexible framework for comparing energy efficiency across DL models, this study advances sustainability in AI systems, supporting accurate and standardized energy evaluations applicable to various computational settings.

In this study, the energy efficiency of time series forecasting algorithms is addressed in a broad context, highlighting the importance of optimizing energy consumption in computational applications. The purpose of this study is to compare the energy efficiency and accuracy of algorithms implemented in different frameworks, specifically Darts, TensorFlow, and Prophet, using the ARIMA technique. The experiments were conducted on a local infrastructure. The Python library CodeCarbon and the physical energy consumption measurement device openZmeter were used to measure the energy consumption. The results show significant differences in energy consumption and algorithm accuracy depending on the framework and execution environment. We conclude that it is possible to achieve an optimal balance between energy efficiency and accuracy in time series forecasting, which has important implications for developing more sustainable and efficient applications. This study provides valuable guidance for researchers and professionals interested in the energy efficiency of forecasting algorithms.

Evolutionary algorithms are extensively used to solve optimisation problems. However, it is important to consider and reduce their energy consumption, bearing in mind that programming languages also significantly affect energy efficiency. This research work compares the execution of four frameworks—ParadisEO (C++), ECJ (Java), DEAPand Inspyred (Python)—running on two different architectures: a laptop and a server. The study follows a design that combines three population sizes ($2^6$, $2^{10}$, $2^{14}$ individuals) and three crossover probabilities ($0.01$; $0.2$; $0.8$) applied to four benchmarks (OneMax, Sphere, Rosenbrock and Schwefel). This work makes a relevant methodological contribution by providing a consistent implementation of the metric $\eta =fitness/kWh$. This metric has been systematically applied in four different frameworks, thereby setting up a standardized and replicable protocol for the evaluation of the energy efficiency of evolutionary algorithms. The CodeCarbon software was used to estimate energy consumption, which was measured using RAPL counters. This unified metric also indicates the algorithmic productivity. The experimental results show that the server speeds up the number of generations by a factor of approximately $2.5$, but the energy consumption increases four- to sevenfold. Therefore, on average, the energy efficiency of the laptop is five times higher. The results confirm the following conclusions: the computer power does not guarantee sustainability, and population size is a key factor in balancing quality and energy.