Most heavy metal ions are carcinogenic and non-biodegradable, posing threats to ecological balance and human health in trace amount. Therefore, there is a pressing demand for rapid and dependable detection technologies. Electrochemical sensing technology distinguishes itself with its ease of use and swiftness, rendering it perfect for the expeditious detection of heavy metal elements. This review examines various electrochemical detection techniques for on-site real-time monitoring of heavy metal ions. Advanced methods using innovative electrochemical sensor technologies are explored, highlighting the importance of sensing strategies for the quick and easy monitoring of metal levels in different environments. Additionally, the role of nanotechnology and electrochemical techniques in enhancing the sensitivity and selectivity of sensors for better detection of heavy metals is discussed. Finally, the future direction of sensor development is addressed, focusing on integrating new materials and technologies to improve the performance of sensor in environmental monitoring, food safety and public health.

Recent studies have established a strong association between the cerebellum and various psychiatric disorders, as well as drug addiction and withdrawal processes. However, the mechanisms underlying the cerebellum's role in nicotine withdrawal symptoms have yet to be explored. In this study, we employed transcriptome sequencing, untargeted metabolomics and integrative multi‐omics analysis to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying nicotine withdrawal‐induced affective symptoms, specifically anxiety and depression‐like behaviours, within the cerebellum. Our findings demonstrate that enhanced purine metabolism and disrupted arginine metabolism in the cerebellum significantly contribute to the development of anxiety and depression‐like behaviours in mice undergoing nicotine withdrawal. Treatment with the non‐selective adenosine receptor antagonist, theobromine, markedly alleviates these behaviours. This mechanism likely involves inhibiting adenosine signalling and restoring arginine metabolism in the cerebellum.