Oil refineries are facing an ever-strict restriction in terms of fuel specification in view of the several policies by the environmental impact agency (EIA). Strict rules have been enforced on the gasoline product specification. Isomerization is one of the key processes for increasing the octane number of gasoline. Hence a case study has been performed using the concept of hydrogen once-through technology to analyze the process constraints for optimal operation of the process using Aspen HYSYS. In addition to this, a rigorous process model of isomerate stabilizer was also used to compare the results of the stabilizer model and optimize those various variables affecting the octane number of gasoline. The model was validated by observing the effects of constraints on the efficiency of the process by comparing it with the operational isomerization unit to further verify the authenticity of the case study. Furthermore, a calculator has been generated for the reactor temperature with respect to high benzene contents in the feedstock (benzene in feed Vs reactors ΔT).

Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) are made of manganese dioxide (MnO₂) and Ag-doped manganese dioxide (Ag-MnO₂) counter electrodes (CEs). Herein, MnO₂ and Ag-MnO₂ were synthesized using the hydrothermal method and deposited through the drop casting technique. Electrical characterizations were performed to obtain the fill factor (FF), short-circuit current density (J_SC), open-circuit voltage (V_OC), and power conversion efficiency (PCE). Frequency- and voltage-dependent impedance spectroscopy were performed to gain an insight into the charge transport characteristics. DSSCs fabricated with a MnO2-coated electrode gave a PCE of 2.86% with a V_OC of 0.60 V and a J_SC of 8.72 mA/cm², while DSSCs fabricated with Ag-MnO₂ CEs demonstrated a higher PCE of 3.05%, with a V_OC of 0.66 v and a J_SC of 13.3 mA/cm². The obtained results indicate that Ag-doped MnO₂-coated counter electrodes have the potential to replace expensive Pt=coated counter electrodes.