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J. M. Hathaway
University of Tennessee, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Knoxville, TN, USA

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Review article
Published: 19 July 2021 in Environmental Modelling & Software
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Many bioretention models still incorporate simplifications and lumped parameters that do not fully account for fundamental physical processes. This review summarizes the representation of hydrologic pathways, notable features, and applications of bioretention models with the goals of recommending models well suited to bioretention modeling and identifying key research needs. As a result, HYDRUS and GIFMod were identified as the only models that use Richards’ equation for determining infiltration under variably saturated conditions. Secondly, this study identified limited drainage configurations by most models except DRAINMOD-Urban. Thirdly, most models were inadequate for considering vegetation and plant water use, an area for improvement in future research. Finally, more calibration and validation studies are needed to build confidence in model results. This review intends to educate modelers of the processing equations for each water balance component, the input requirements in each model, and other model characteristics that should be considered in model selection.

ACS Style

Whitney A. Lisenbee; Jon M. Hathaway; Matthew J. Burns; Tim D. Fletcher. Modeling bioretention stormwater systems: Current models and future research needs. Environmental Modelling & Software 2021, 105146 .

AMA Style

Whitney A. Lisenbee, Jon M. Hathaway, Matthew J. Burns, Tim D. Fletcher. Modeling bioretention stormwater systems: Current models and future research needs. Environmental Modelling & Software. 2021; ():105146.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Whitney A. Lisenbee; Jon M. Hathaway; Matthew J. Burns; Tim D. Fletcher. 2021. "Modeling bioretention stormwater systems: Current models and future research needs." Environmental Modelling & Software , no. : 105146.

Journal article
Published: 11 September 2020 in Water
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Although a number of studies have investigated pollutant transport patterns in urban watersheds, these studies have focused primarily on the upland landscape as the point of interest (i.e., prior to stormwater entering an open stream channel). However, it is likely that in-stream processes will influence pollutant transport when the system is viewed at a larger scale. One initial investigation that can be performed to characterize transport dynamics in urban runoff is determining a pollutant’s temporal distribution. By borrowing from urban stormwater literature, the propensity of a pollutant within a system to be more heavily transported in the initial portion of the storm can be quantified (i.e., the “first flush”). Although uncommon for use in stream science, this methodology allows direct comparison of results to previous studies on smaller urban upland catchments. Multiple methods have been proposed to investigate the first flush effect, two of which are applied in this study to two streams in Knoxville, TN, USA. The strength of the first flush was generally corroborated by the two unique methods, a new finding that allows a more robust determination of first flush presence for a given pollutant. Further, an “end flush” was observed and quantified for nutrients and microbes in one stream, a novel outcome that shows how the newer methodology that was employed can provide greater insight into transport processes and pollutant sources. Explanatory variables for changes in each pollutant’s inter-event first flush strength differed, but notable relationships included the influence of flow rate on microbes and influence of rainfall on Cu2+. The results appear to support the hypothesis that in-stream processes, such as resuspension, may influence pollutant transport in urban watersheds, pointing toward the need to consider in-stream processes in models developed to predict urban watershed pollutant export.

ACS Style

Laurel Christian; Thomas Epps; Ghada Diab; Jon Hathaway. Pollutant Concentration Patterns of In-Stream Urban Stormwater Runoff. Water 2020, 12, 2534 .

AMA Style

Laurel Christian, Thomas Epps, Ghada Diab, Jon Hathaway. Pollutant Concentration Patterns of In-Stream Urban Stormwater Runoff. Water. 2020; 12 (9):2534.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Laurel Christian; Thomas Epps; Ghada Diab; Jon Hathaway. 2020. "Pollutant Concentration Patterns of In-Stream Urban Stormwater Runoff." Water 12, no. 9: 2534.

Journal article
Published: 19 December 2019 in Journal of Hydrology
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Bioretention systems have become a leading stormwater control measure for mitigating urban hydrology. Although these systems have performed well in many site-scale field studies, less investigation has been directed toward effectively modeling these systems. This is critical, as modeling of bioretention systems provides an avenue for evaluating their effectiveness prior to devoting time and resources into installation. Many hydrologic models capable of simulating bioretention consist of lumped parameters and simplifications that do not fully account for fundamental hydrologic processes such as soil-water interactions. DRAINMOD has shown promise for obtaining detailed daily water balances within bioretention systems under continuous simulations. One significant advantage of DRAINMOD is that it uses the soil-water characteristic curve to account for fluctuations in soil moisture instead of assuming saturation; however, the model historically only produces daily outputs. For this study, DRAINMOD was modified to develop DRAINMOD-Urban, which allows high temporal resolution inputs and outputs, more closely matching the residence time of runoff in urban systems. DRAINMOD-Urban simulations of a bioretention cell in Ohio, USA, revealed that DRAINMOD-Urban could effectively produce hydrographs with a cumulative Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) of 0.60 for the 12 events that produced drainage over a 7-month monitoring period. Overflow was also modeled by DRAINMOD-Urban, but additional overflow data are necessary to derive conclusions about model effectiveness in predicting this hydrologic component. Input parameters previously calibrated for the DRAINMOD model did not translate well to DRAINMOD-Urban with the top-down approach applied in this study (NSE = 0.31 for drainage and NSE = −1.83 for overflow), but the bottom-up approach showed that parameters calibrated with DRAINMOD-Urban (NSE = 0.60 for drainage and NSE = −0.1 for overflow) could be used in DRAINMOD to obtain reasonable drainage volumes (25.6% error compared to measured values). This study suggests DRAINMOD-Urban is an effective tool for modeling bioretention hydrographs and demonstrates the importance of temporal scale in bioretention modeling by illustrating multiple model calibration approaches. Despite the promising results of this study, additional studies are recommended where validation of the model is performed at more sites, in particular for events with overflow. Further, sensitivity analysis of input parameters and comparison of DRAINMOD-Urban to other commonly used bioretention models would inform future modeling efforts.

ACS Style

Whitney Lisenbee; Jon Hathaway; L. Negm; M. Youssef; R. Winston. Enhanced bioretention cell modeling with DRAINMOD-Urban: Moving from water balances to hydrograph production. Journal of Hydrology 2019, 582, 124491 .

AMA Style

Whitney Lisenbee, Jon Hathaway, L. Negm, M. Youssef, R. Winston. Enhanced bioretention cell modeling with DRAINMOD-Urban: Moving from water balances to hydrograph production. Journal of Hydrology. 2019; 582 ():124491.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Whitney Lisenbee; Jon Hathaway; L. Negm; M. Youssef; R. Winston. 2019. "Enhanced bioretention cell modeling with DRAINMOD-Urban: Moving from water balances to hydrograph production." Journal of Hydrology 582, no. : 124491.

Journal article
Published: 10 April 2019 in Journal of Environmental Management
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Pollution build-up and wash-off processes are often included in urban stormwater quality models. However, these models are often unreliable and have poor performance at large scales and in complicated catchments. This study tried to improve stormwater quality models by adopting the genetic programming (GP) approach to generate new build-up algorithms for three different pollutants (total suspend solids – TSS, total phosphorus – TP and total nitrogen – TN). This was followed by testing of the new models (also traditional build-up and wash-off models as benchmark) using data collected from different catchments in Australia and the USA. The GP approach informed new sets of build-up algorithms with the inclusion of not just the typical antecedent dry weather period (ADWP), but also other less ‘traditional’ variables - previous rainfall depth for TSS and maximum air temperatures for TP and TN simulation. The traditional models had relatively poor performance (Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient, E < 0.0), except for TP at Gilby Road (GR) (E = 0.21 in calibration and 0.43 in validation). Improved performance was observed using the models with new build-up algorithms informed by GP. Taking TP at GR for example, the best performing model had E of 0.46 in calibration and 0.54 in validation. The best performing models for TSS, TP, and TN are often different, suggesting that specific models shall be used for different pollutants. Insights into further improvements possible for stormwater quality models were given. It is recommended that in addition to the typical build-up and wash-off process, new generations of stormwater quality models should be able to account for the non-conventional pollutant sources (e.g. cross-connections, septic tank leakage, illegal discharges) through stochastic approaches. Emission inventories with information like intensity-frequency-duration (IFD) of pollutant loads from each type of non-conventional source are suggested to be built for stochastic modelling.

ACS Style

Kefeng Zhang; Ana Deletic; Peter M. Bach; Baiqian Shi; Jon M. Hathaway; David McCarthy. Testing of new stormwater pollution build-up algorithms informed by a genetic programming approach. Journal of Environmental Management 2019, 241, 12 -21.

AMA Style

Kefeng Zhang, Ana Deletic, Peter M. Bach, Baiqian Shi, Jon M. Hathaway, David McCarthy. Testing of new stormwater pollution build-up algorithms informed by a genetic programming approach. Journal of Environmental Management. 2019; 241 ():12-21.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kefeng Zhang; Ana Deletic; Peter M. Bach; Baiqian Shi; Jon M. Hathaway; David McCarthy. 2019. "Testing of new stormwater pollution build-up algorithms informed by a genetic programming approach." Journal of Environmental Management 241, no. : 12-21.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2019 in Blue-Green Systems
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Extreme weather and the proliferation of impervious areas in urban watersheds increases the frequency of flood events and deepens water quality concerns. Bioretention is a type of green infrastructure practice developed to mitigate these impacts by reducing peak flows, runoff volume, and nutrient loads in stormwater. However, studies have shown inconsistency in the ability of bioretention to manage some pollutants, particularly some forms of nitrogen. Innovative sensor and control technologies are being tested to actively manage urban stormwater, primarily in open water stormwater systems such as wet ponds. Through these cyber-physical controls, it may be possible to optimize storage time and/or soil moisture dynamics within bioretention cells to create more favorable conditions for water quality improvements. A column study testing the influence of active control on bioretention system performance was conducted over a 9-week period. Active control columns were regulated based on either maintaining a specific water level or soil moisture content and were compared to free draining (FD) and internal water storage standards. Actively controlled bioretention columns performed similarly, with the soil moisture-based control showing the best performance with over 86% removal of metals and total suspended solids (TSS) while also exhibiting the highest ammonium removal (43%) and second highest nitrate removal (74%). While all column types showed mostly similar TSS and metal removal trends (median 94 and 98%, respectively), traditionally FD and internal water storage configurations promoted aerobic and anaerobic processes, respectively, which suggests that actively controlled systems have greater potential for targeting both processes. The results suggest that active controls can improve upon standard bioretention designs, but further optimization is required to balance the water quality benefits gained by retention time against storage needs for impending storms.

ACS Style

P. P. Persaud; A. A. Akin; B. Kerkez; D. T. McCarthy; J. M. Hathaway. Real time control schemes for improving water quality from bioretention cells. Blue-Green Systems 2019, 1, 55 -71.

AMA Style

P. P. Persaud, A. A. Akin, B. Kerkez, D. T. McCarthy, J. M. Hathaway. Real time control schemes for improving water quality from bioretention cells. Blue-Green Systems. 2019; 1 (1):55-71.

Chicago/Turabian Style

P. P. Persaud; A. A. Akin; B. Kerkez; D. T. McCarthy; J. M. Hathaway. 2019. "Real time control schemes for improving water quality from bioretention cells." Blue-Green Systems 1, no. 1: 55-71.

Journal article
Published: 01 November 2018 in Journal of Sustainable Water in the Built Environment
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Bioretention is a commonly used stormwater control measure that, through biogeochemical processes, can improve water quality and reduce runoff volume generated from impervious surfaces. Vegetation has been shown to improve bioretention treatment performance and lifespan, yet guidance for plant selection in bioretention systems remains relatively general, particularly for trees. While numerous benefits of urban trees are understood, including heat island mitigation, air quality improvement, and the like, knowledge of their potential contributions to stormwater management as a component of bioretention is minimal. Critical to tree function in these systems is the trees’ ability to maintain health in the unique substrate and hydrologic regime found in the bioretention environment. This study investigated tree health in bioretention systems in the southeastern United States using three-dimensional composite indicators of crown volume and surface area. Five tree species were found to be in a less-healthy state when planted in bioretention practices compared with similar urban trees, whereas only bald cypress (Taxodium distichum) exhibited greater health in bioretention. Differences in tree health were attributed to a lack of alignment between typical bioretention conditions and species-specific growing preferences. Regression models were created using random forest methods to identify bioretention parameters that impact tree health. Parameters relating to bioretention media composition, media chemistry, and tree species selection and planting location (upslope, midslope, or bottom of the bioretention system) were found to have the most influence on tree health. Results from this study suggest that tree health in bioretention may be improved if species selection is based on bioretention media analysis and consideration of species compatibility with the growing conditions found in bioretention.

ACS Style

R. Andrew Tirpak; Jon M. Hathaway; Jennifer A. Franklin; Anahita Khojandi. The Health of Trees in Bioretention: A Survey and Analysis of Influential Variables. Journal of Sustainable Water in the Built Environment 2018, 4, 04018011 .

AMA Style

R. Andrew Tirpak, Jon M. Hathaway, Jennifer A. Franklin, Anahita Khojandi. The Health of Trees in Bioretention: A Survey and Analysis of Influential Variables. Journal of Sustainable Water in the Built Environment. 2018; 4 (4):04018011.

Chicago/Turabian Style

R. Andrew Tirpak; Jon M. Hathaway; Jennifer A. Franklin; Anahita Khojandi. 2018. "The Health of Trees in Bioretention: A Survey and Analysis of Influential Variables." Journal of Sustainable Water in the Built Environment 4, no. 4: 04018011.

Journal article
Published: 13 August 2018 in Sustainability
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Across the United States, the impacts of stormwater runoff are being managed through the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) in an effort to restore and/or maintain the quality of surface waters. State transportation authorities fall within this regulatory framework, being tasked with managing runoff leaving their impervious surfaces. Opportunely, the highway environment also has substantial amounts of green space that may be leveraged for this purpose. However, there are questions as to how much runoff reduction is provided by these spaces, a question that may have a dramatic impact on stormwater management strategies across the country. A highway median swale, located on Asheville Highway, Knoxville, Tennessee, was monitored for hydrology over an 11-month period. The total catchment was 0.64 ha, with 0.26 ha of roadway draining to 0.38 ha of a vegetated median. The results of this study indicated that 87.2% of runoff volume was sequestered by the swale. The Source Loading and Management Model for Windows (WinSLAMM) was used to model the swale runoff reduction performance to determine how well this model may perform in such an application. To calibrate the model, adjustments were made to measured on-site infiltration rates, which was identified as a sensitive parameter in the model that also had substantial measurement uncertainty in the field. The calibrated model performed reasonably with a Nash Sutcliffe Efficiency of 0.46. WinSLAMM proved to be a beneficial resource to assess green space performance; however, the sensitivity of the infiltration parameter suggests that field measurements of this characteristic may be needed to achieve accurate results.

ACS Style

Bailee N. Young; Jon M. Hathaway; Whitney A. Lisenbee; Qiang He. Assessing the Runoff Reduction Potential of Highway Swales and WinSLAMM as a Predictive Tool. Sustainability 2018, 10, 2871 .

AMA Style

Bailee N. Young, Jon M. Hathaway, Whitney A. Lisenbee, Qiang He. Assessing the Runoff Reduction Potential of Highway Swales and WinSLAMM as a Predictive Tool. Sustainability. 2018; 10 (8):2871.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bailee N. Young; Jon M. Hathaway; Whitney A. Lisenbee; Qiang He. 2018. "Assessing the Runoff Reduction Potential of Highway Swales and WinSLAMM as a Predictive Tool." Sustainability 10, no. 8: 2871.

Journal article
Published: 11 July 2018 in Journal of Evidence-Informed Social Work
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Further study is needed of how specific types of capital may help people cope with a changing climate. Social capital may be a particularly relevant area for social work to address within the pressing issue of climate, weather, and the health of vulnerable groups.

ACS Style

Lisa Reyes Mason; Jennifer Erwin; Aaron Brown; Kelsey N. Ellis; Jon M. Hathaway. Health Impacts of Extreme Weather Events: Exploring Protective Factors with a Capitals Framework. Journal of Evidence-Informed Social Work 2018, 15, 579 -593.

AMA Style

Lisa Reyes Mason, Jennifer Erwin, Aaron Brown, Kelsey N. Ellis, Jon M. Hathaway. Health Impacts of Extreme Weather Events: Exploring Protective Factors with a Capitals Framework. Journal of Evidence-Informed Social Work. 2018; 15 (5):579-593.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lisa Reyes Mason; Jennifer Erwin; Aaron Brown; Kelsey N. Ellis; Jon M. Hathaway. 2018. "Health Impacts of Extreme Weather Events: Exploring Protective Factors with a Capitals Framework." Journal of Evidence-Informed Social Work 15, no. 5: 579-593.

Conference paper
Published: 01 December 2017 in 2017 Winter Simulation Conference (WSC)
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Photovoltaic panels generate electricity directly from sunlight, making them a favored renewable technology. Green roofs are rooftops covered with vegetation, which provide a variety of benefits, namely, reducing stormwater runoff, improving air quality, and biodiversity. Green roofs are capable of improving the efficiency of Photovoltaic panels, as shown by the recent studies. Optimal placement of Photovoltaic panels and green roofs is a challenging problem due to the complications imposed by uncertainties associated with future climate conditions, specifically due to climate change. An agent based model to optimally place Photovoltaic panels and green roofs is developed in this study. We propose a tabu search metaheuristic algorithm to solve the developed model. Then, a real-world case for a mid-sized city in the U.S. is solved as a case study for the model. We further conduct numerical analysis and provide insights.

ACS Style

Xueping Li; Mohammad Ramshani; Anahita Khojandi; Olufemi Omitaomu; Jon Michael Hathaway. An agent based model for joint placement of PV panels and green roofs. 2017 Winter Simulation Conference (WSC) 2017, 1133 -1144.

AMA Style

Xueping Li, Mohammad Ramshani, Anahita Khojandi, Olufemi Omitaomu, Jon Michael Hathaway. An agent based model for joint placement of PV panels and green roofs. 2017 Winter Simulation Conference (WSC). 2017; ():1133-1144.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xueping Li; Mohammad Ramshani; Anahita Khojandi; Olufemi Omitaomu; Jon Michael Hathaway. 2017. "An agent based model for joint placement of PV panels and green roofs." 2017 Winter Simulation Conference (WSC) , no. : 1133-1144.

Journal article
Published: 10 October 2017 in Journal of Hydrology
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Accurate estimation of faecal microorganism levels in water systems, such as stormwater drains, creeks and rivers, is needed for appropriate assessment of impacts on receiving water bodies and the risks to human health. The underlying hypothesis for this work is that a single conceptual model (the MicroOrganism Prediction in Urban Stormwater model – i.e. MOPUS) can adequately simulate microbial dynamics over a variety of water systems and wide range of scales; something which has not been previously tested. Additionally, the application of radar precipitation data for improvement of the model performance at these scales via more accurate areal averaged rainfall intensities was tested. Six comprehensive Escherichia coli (E. coli) datasets collected from five catchments in south-eastern Australia and one catchment in Raleigh, USA, were used to calibrate the model. The MOPUS rainfall-runoff model performed well at all scales (Nash-Sutcliffe E for instantaneous flow rates between 0.70 and 0.93). Sensitivity analysis showed that wet weather urban stormwater flows can be modelled with only three of the five rainfall runoff model parameters: routing coefficient (K), effective imperviousness (IMP) and time of concentration (TOC). The model’s performance for representing instantaneous E. coli fluctuations ranged from 0.17 to 0.45 in catchments drained via pipe or open creek, and was the highest for a large riverine catchment (0.64); performing similarly, if not better, than other microbial models in literature. The model could also capture the variability in event mean concentrations (E = 0.17–0.57) and event loads (E = 0.32–0.97) at all scales. Application of weather radar-derived rainfall inputs caused lower overall performance compared to using gauged rainfall inputs in representing both flow and E. coli levels in urban drain catchments, with the performance improving with increasing catchment size and being comparable to the models that use gauged rainfall inputs at the large riverine catchment. These results demonstrate the potential of the MOPUS model and its ability to be applied to a wide range of catchment scales, including large riverine systems.

ACS Style

Dusan Jovanovic; Jon Hathaway; Rhys Coleman; Ana Deletic; David T. McCarthy. Conceptual modelling of E. coli in urban stormwater drains, creeks and rivers. Journal of Hydrology 2017, 555, 129 -140.

AMA Style

Dusan Jovanovic, Jon Hathaway, Rhys Coleman, Ana Deletic, David T. McCarthy. Conceptual modelling of E. coli in urban stormwater drains, creeks and rivers. Journal of Hydrology. 2017; 555 ():129-140.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Dusan Jovanovic; Jon Hathaway; Rhys Coleman; Ana Deletic; David T. McCarthy. 2017. "Conceptual modelling of E. coli in urban stormwater drains, creeks and rivers." Journal of Hydrology 555, no. : 129-140.

Journal article
Published: 09 September 2017 in Water
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Across the globe, water quality standards have been implemented to protect receiving waters from stormwater pollution, motivating regulators (and consequently designers) to develop tools to predict the performance of stormwater control measures such as constructed stormwater wetlands (CSWs). The goal of this study was to determine how well the relaxed tanks-in-series (P-k-C*) model described the performance of CSWs in North Carolina. Storm events monitored at 10 CSWs in North Carolina were used for calibrating the model, and statistical evaluations concluded the model could adequately predict the performance for all pollutants except organic nitrogen. Nash–Sutcliff calibration/validation values were determined to be 0.72/0.78, 0.78/0.74, 0.91/0.87, 0.72/0.62, 0.88/0.73, and 0.91/0.63 for total nitrogen, total ammoniacal nitrogen, oxidized nitrogen, organic nitrogen, total phosphorus, and total suspended solids, respectively. Sensitivity analysis revealed only one calibration parameter with strong sensitivity, the Arrhenius coefficient (temperature dependent model coefficient). With this model, CSWs can be optimized to treat watershed-specific influent concentrations to meet effluent targets. In general, the current design technique used in North Carolina and many other locations (a first flush volume detention method) oversizes CSWs for water quality vis-à-vis the method herein, suggesting improved designs for water quality may be possible through scientifically-informed methods.

ACS Style

Laura S. Merriman; Jon M. Hathaway; Michael R. Burchell; William F. Hunt. Adapting the Relaxed Tanks-in-Series Model for Stormwater Wetland Water Quality Performance. Water 2017, 9, 691 .

AMA Style

Laura S. Merriman, Jon M. Hathaway, Michael R. Burchell, William F. Hunt. Adapting the Relaxed Tanks-in-Series Model for Stormwater Wetland Water Quality Performance. Water. 2017; 9 (9):691.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Laura S. Merriman; Jon M. Hathaway; Michael R. Burchell; William F. Hunt. 2017. "Adapting the Relaxed Tanks-in-Series Model for Stormwater Wetland Water Quality Performance." Water 9, no. 9: 691.

Journal article
Published: 24 December 2016 in Sustainability
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New technologies can sense urban environmental conditions at finer scales than previously possible. This has paved the way for monitoring microclimates between and within neighborhoods. Equally vital, though much less studied, is stakeholder engagement in understanding and using such data. This study examines interests and preferences for accessing neighborhood-scale microclimate data among residents of Knoxville, Tennessee, USA. Data are from randomly sampled phone surveys (N = 200) and purposively sampled focus group participants (N = 25). Survey participants expressed high interest in neighborhood air quality, temperature, and rainfall. Focus groups revealed four themes for designing smartphone applications or websites for neighborhood-scale data: easy access to integrated data, clear and intuitive design, information for everyday living and healthy behavior, and tools for civic engagement. Results support the value of creating meaningful, usable science interfaces with which the public can readily engage.

ACS Style

Lisa Reyes Mason; Jon M. Hathaway; Kelsey N. Ellis; Taylor Harrison. Public Interest in Microclimate Data in Knoxville, Tennessee, USA. Sustainability 2016, 9, 23 .

AMA Style

Lisa Reyes Mason, Jon M. Hathaway, Kelsey N. Ellis, Taylor Harrison. Public Interest in Microclimate Data in Knoxville, Tennessee, USA. Sustainability. 2016; 9 (1):23.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lisa Reyes Mason; Jon M. Hathaway; Kelsey N. Ellis; Taylor Harrison. 2016. "Public Interest in Microclimate Data in Knoxville, Tennessee, USA." Sustainability 9, no. 1: 23.

Journal article
Published: 01 July 2016 in Science of The Total Environment
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Thermal pollution of surface waters by urban stormwater runoff is an often overlooked by-product of urbanization. Elevated stream temperatures due to an influx of stormwater runoff can be detrimental to stream biota, in particular for cold water systems. However, few studies have examined temperature trends throughout storm events to determine how these thermal inputs are temporally distributed. In this study, six diverse catchments in two continents are evaluated for thermal dynamics. Summary statistics from the data showed larger catchments have lower maximum runoff temperatures, minimum runoff temperatures, and temperature variability. This reinforces the understanding that subsurface drainage infrastructure in urban catchments acts to moderate runoff temperatures. The catchments were also evaluated for the presence of a thermal first flush using two methodologies. Results showed the lack of a first flush under traditional assessment methodologies across all six catchments, supporting the results from a limited number of studies in literature. However, the time to peak temperature was not always coincident with the time to peak flow, highlighting the variability of thermal load over time. When a new first flush methodology was applied, significant differences in temperature were noted with increasing runoff depth for five of the six sites. This study is the first to identify a runoff temperature first flush, and highlights the need to carefully consider the appropriate methodology for such analyses.

ACS Style

J.M. Hathaway; R.J. Winston; R.A. Brown; W.F. Hunt; David McCarthy. Temperature dynamics of stormwater runoff in Australia and the USA. Science of The Total Environment 2016, 559, 141 -150.

AMA Style

J.M. Hathaway, R.J. Winston, R.A. Brown, W.F. Hunt, David McCarthy. Temperature dynamics of stormwater runoff in Australia and the USA. Science of The Total Environment. 2016; 559 ():141-150.

Chicago/Turabian Style

J.M. Hathaway; R.J. Winston; R.A. Brown; W.F. Hunt; David McCarthy. 2016. "Temperature dynamics of stormwater runoff in Australia and the USA." Science of The Total Environment 559, no. : 141-150.

Journal article
Published: 11 January 2016 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Daily weather conditions for an entire city are usually represented by a single weather station, often located at a nearby airport. This resolution of atmospheric data fails to recognize the microscale climatic variability associated with land use decisions across and within urban neighborhoods. This study uses heat index, a measure of the combined effects of temperature and humidity, to assess the variability of heat exposure from ten weather stations across four urban neighborhoods and two control locations (downtown and in a nearby nature center) in Knoxville, Tennessee, USA. Results suggest that trees may negate a portion of excess urban heat, but are also associated with greater humidity. As a result, the heat index of locations with more trees is significantly higher than downtown and areas with fewer trees. Trees may also reduce heat stress by shading individuals from incoming radiation, though this is not considered in this study. Greater amounts of impervious surfaces correspond with reduced evapotranspiration and greater runoff, in terms of overall mass balance, leading to a higher temperature, but lower relative humidity. Heat index and relative humidity were found to significantly vary between locations with different tree cover and neighborhood characteristics for the full study time period as well as for the top 10% of heat index days. This work demonstrates the need for high-resolution climate data and the use of additional measures beyond temperature to understand urban neighborhood exposure to extreme heat, and expresses the importance of considering vulnerability differences among residents when analyzing neighborhood-scale impacts.

ACS Style

Alisa L. Hass; Kelsey N. Ellis; Lisa Reyes Mason; Jon M. Hathaway; David A. Howe. Heat and Humidity in the City: Neighborhood Heat Index Variability in a Mid-Sized City in the Southeastern United States. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2016, 13, 117 .

AMA Style

Alisa L. Hass, Kelsey N. Ellis, Lisa Reyes Mason, Jon M. Hathaway, David A. Howe. Heat and Humidity in the City: Neighborhood Heat Index Variability in a Mid-Sized City in the Southeastern United States. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2016; 13 (1):117.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alisa L. Hass; Kelsey N. Ellis; Lisa Reyes Mason; Jon M. Hathaway; David A. Howe. 2016. "Heat and Humidity in the City: Neighborhood Heat Index Variability in a Mid-Sized City in the Southeastern United States." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13, no. 1: 117.

Journal article
Published: 09 May 2015 in Water Resources Management
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Pathogens in surface waters continue to be a worldwide concern. The potential presence of pathogens is often identified through the use of fecal indicator bacteria such as fecal coliform, E. coli, and enterococci, each of which are still utilized worldwide depending on local regulations. Urban stormwater runoff has been shown to convey fecal indicator bacteria to surface waters; however, the fate and transport dynamics of these microbes in urban stormwater are not well established. This is particularly the case for intra-event (within event) processes. The intra-event characteristics of total suspended solids and three types of fecal indicator bacteria (FIB), fecal coliform, E. coli, and enterococci, were analysed for a watershed in Raleigh, NC, USA. FIB showed higher variability than TSS among intra-event characteristics such as normalized peak concentration, rate of change, and normalized concentration in the first 3 mm of rainfall (C3mm), but similar variability in concentrations throughout each storm. FIB intra-event statistics appear to be influenced by climate variables whereas total suspended sediments statistics are most influenced by hydrologic variables. Changes in intra-event total suspended concentrations were consistently well described by rainfall intensity, while FIB correlations with rainfall intensity were weaker and inconsistent between events. This study showed similar patterns of variability among the intra-event FIB statistics and comparable correlations to climatic and hydrologic variables between fecal coliform, E. coli, and enterococci. Thus, similar processes appear to influence the variability of all three indicator bacteria, suggesting that microbial models may be adaptable amongst various types of FIB.

ACS Style

J. M. Hathaway; W. F. Hunt; David McCarthy. Variability of Intra-event Statistics for Multiple Fecal Indicator Bacteria in Urban Stormwater. Water Resources Management 2015, 29, 3635 -3649.

AMA Style

J. M. Hathaway, W. F. Hunt, David McCarthy. Variability of Intra-event Statistics for Multiple Fecal Indicator Bacteria in Urban Stormwater. Water Resources Management. 2015; 29 (10):3635-3649.

Chicago/Turabian Style

J. M. Hathaway; W. F. Hunt; David McCarthy. 2015. "Variability of Intra-event Statistics for Multiple Fecal Indicator Bacteria in Urban Stormwater." Water Resources Management 29, no. 10: 3635-3649.

Journal article
Published: 22 January 2014 in Water Science and Technology
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Microbial contamination in surface waters has become a worldwide cause for concern. As efforts are made to reduce this contamination, monitoring is integral to documenting and evaluating water quality improvements. Autosamplers are beneficial in such monitoring efforts, as large data sets can be generated with minimized effort. The extent to which autosamplers can be utilized for microbial monitoring is largely unknown due to concerns over contamination. Strict sterilization regimes for components contacting the water being sampled are difficult, and sometimes logistically implausible, when utilizing autosamplers. Field experimentation showed contamination of fecal coliform in autosamplers to be more of a concern than that of Escherichia coli. Further study in a controlled laboratory environment suggested that tubing configuration has a significant effect on residual E. coli concentrations in sampler tubing. The amount of time that passed since the last sample was collected from a given sampler (antecedent dry weather period – DWP) tubing was also a significant factor. At a DWP of 7 days, little to no contamination was found. Thus, simple protocols such as providing positive drainage of tubing between sample events and programming samplers to include rinses will reduce concerns of contamination in autosamplers.

ACS Style

J. M. Hathaway; W. F. Hunt; R. M. Guest; David McCarthy. Residual indicator bacteria in autosampler tubing: a field and laboratory assessment. Water Science and Technology 2014, 69, 1120 -1126.

AMA Style

J. M. Hathaway, W. F. Hunt, R. M. Guest, David McCarthy. Residual indicator bacteria in autosampler tubing: a field and laboratory assessment. Water Science and Technology. 2014; 69 (5):1120-1126.

Chicago/Turabian Style

J. M. Hathaway; W. F. Hunt; R. M. Guest; David McCarthy. 2014. "Residual indicator bacteria in autosampler tubing: a field and laboratory assessment." Water Science and Technology 69, no. 5: 1120-1126.

Journal article
Published: 30 April 2011 in Ecological Engineering
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Effluent organic nitrogen concentrations from seven constructed stormwater wetlands in North Carolina were examined to compare background organic nitrogen (ON) concentrations and the fraction of organic nitrogen relative to total nitrogen discharged. Seasonal influences on organic nitrogen concentrations were also examined. The median ON concentration from the stormwater wetlands was 0.78 mg l−1, and despite differences in wetland design and influent ON characteristics, outlet ON concentrations from all but one wetland were not significantly different. ON export from all stormwater wetlands was significantly less than untreated runoff entering the wetlands (p = 0.002). In addition, median organic:total nitrogen (ON:TN) ratios from stormwater wetlands (0.75) were significantly greater than from untreated urban runoff (0.66), comparing more closely to ON:TN ratios collected from a naturally occurring wetland and reported in the literature for natural landscapes. Seasonal differences in organic nitrogen concentrations were identified with significantly lower concentrations during the winter. Though stormwater wetlands will not (and perhaps should not be expected to) completely remove total nitrogen loads from runoff, these results suggest constructed wetlands can play a role in restoring the balance between organic and inorganic nitrogen forms closer to that of an undisturbed landscape. The presence of background organic nitrogen concentrations from stormwater wetlands similar to those from a naturally occurring wetland highlights the importance of choosing appropriate metrics (e.g., effluent concentrations) when assessing treatment performance.

ACS Style

Trisha L.C. Moore; William F. Hunt; Michael Burchell; Jon M. Hathaway. Organic nitrogen exports from urban stormwater wetlands in North Carolina. Ecological Engineering 2011, 37, 589 -594.

AMA Style

Trisha L.C. Moore, William F. Hunt, Michael Burchell, Jon M. Hathaway. Organic nitrogen exports from urban stormwater wetlands in North Carolina. Ecological Engineering. 2011; 37 (4):589-594.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Trisha L.C. Moore; William F. Hunt; Michael Burchell; Jon M. Hathaway. 2011. "Organic nitrogen exports from urban stormwater wetlands in North Carolina." Ecological Engineering 37, no. 4: 589-594.

Proceedings article
Published: 01 January 2008 in 2008 Providence, Rhode Island, June 29 - July 2, 2008
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ACS Style

Jon M Hathaway; William F Hunt; Jason D Wright; Steve Jadlocki. An Evaluation of Pathogen Removal in Stormwater Best Management Practices in Charlotte and Wilmington, North Carolina. 2008 Providence, Rhode Island, June 29 - July 2, 2008 2008, 1 .

AMA Style

Jon M Hathaway, William F Hunt, Jason D Wright, Steve Jadlocki. An Evaluation of Pathogen Removal in Stormwater Best Management Practices in Charlotte and Wilmington, North Carolina. 2008 Providence, Rhode Island, June 29 - July 2, 2008. 2008; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jon M Hathaway; William F Hunt; Jason D Wright; Steve Jadlocki. 2008. "An Evaluation of Pathogen Removal in Stormwater Best Management Practices in Charlotte and Wilmington, North Carolina." 2008 Providence, Rhode Island, June 29 - July 2, 2008 , no. : 1.

Conference paper
Published: 01 October 2007 in Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation
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Three studies have been conducted by NC State University faculty since 1999 regarding permeable pavement. A test of long term hydrologic conductivity was conducted on three lots in Eastern NC. The initial hydrologic infiltration rate study showed a significant reduction in surface runoff. The Curve Numbers at the Kinston, Wilmington, and Swansboro sites were 79, 89, and 45 respectively for storms exceeding 50 mm. A study of surface infiltration rates at 48 permeable pavement sites showed that locating permeable pavement in stable watersheds and regular maintenance significantly increased surface infiltration rates. This research prompted the state of North Carolina to reconsider their stormwater credit for permeable pavement allowing it to be considered 60% grassed and 40% impervious. A water quantity and quality study of 4 permeable pavement types in Kinston, NC was performed in a parking lot consisting of four different types of permeable pavements and standard asphalt in Kinston, NC. The permeable pavement sections consist of permeable interlocking concrete pavers (PICP1) with 8.5 % void space, PICP with 12.9 % void space (PICP2), concrete grid pavers (CGP), and porous concrete (PC) located directly adjacent to each other. There was a significant reduction in runoff by all types of permeable pavement with little difference among them. There was no significant improvement in water quality observed during the study. There is no differentiation between the permeable pavement types for stormwater purposes by the state of North Carolina.

ACS Style

Eban Z. Bean; Kelly A. Collins; William F. Hunt; Jason D. Wright; Jon M. Hathaway. The Effect of Permeable Pavement on Water Quality and Quantity. Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2007, 2007, 689 -699.

AMA Style

Eban Z. Bean, Kelly A. Collins, William F. Hunt, Jason D. Wright, Jon M. Hathaway. The Effect of Permeable Pavement on Water Quality and Quantity. Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation. 2007; 2007 (19):689-699.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Eban Z. Bean; Kelly A. Collins; William F. Hunt; Jason D. Wright; Jon M. Hathaway. 2007. "The Effect of Permeable Pavement on Water Quality and Quantity." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2007, no. 19: 689-699.