Bisphenols, particularly bisphenol A (BPA), are among the most thoroughly investigated endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). BPA was the first synthetic estrogen to be identified, exerting its estrogenic effects through interaction with human estrogen receptors (ERs). The aim of the present narrative review is to summarize the most recent literature regarding the adverse effects of bisphenols on female fertility and pregnancy outcomes. A review of the literature in the PubMed/Medline and Scopus databases was conducted in November 2024 and 15 studies were included in the present review. BPA levels were higher in women with diminished ovarian reserve, polycystic ovary syndrome, and recurrent miscarriages. Furthermore, one study showed a significant association between BPA levels and the onset of gestational diabetes mellitus. Higher levels of BPA are associated with disruptions to the female reproductive system, such as ovarian function, reduced number of antral follicles, and lower anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) levels. Bisphenols A and S were associated with an increased risk of developing gestational diabetes mellitus. Bisphenols A and F were correlated with an increased risk of lower birth weight and bisphenol F seemed to be associated with an increased risk of preterm delivery. Ultimately, further research is necessary to fully understand the extent of the harmful effects that bisphenols have separately and as mixtures on the female reproductive system.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infections are significantly associated with multiple adverse reproductive outcomes such as miscarriages. Pregnant women are more susceptible to an HPV infection and its prevalence increases as pregnancy progresses. In this present review, we summarize the existing evidence indicating the potential impact of an HPV infection on the occurrence of recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL). Comprehensive research of the literature was performed in the Medline/PubMed and Scopus databases. A total of 185 articles were identified and 40 full-text articles were assessed. Four studies were eligible to be included in this literature review. To our knowledge, this is the first review aiming to summarize the current state of evidence regarding the possible association of HPV infections and RPL. Recurrent pregnancy loss constitutes a distressing reproductive event and scientific research has made significant efforts to determine the causes and mechanisms that could lead to RPL. It is still unclear whether the papillomavirus infection is associated with an increased risk for recurrent miscarriages. Research in the field revealed conflicting results and their deductions are limited by methodological limitations. Given the high prevalence of HPV infections and their potential role in the occurrence of adverse outcomes during pregnancy, further research is required to clarify the possibility of an HPV infection being a potential risk factor for recurrent miscarriages.

Background: This case–control study investigates whether miR-27a rs895819 A>G polymorphism is associated with an increased risk of recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) in Caucasian Greek women. Methods: This study included 93 women with at least two unexplained miscarriages before the 24th week of gestation (RPL group) and 107 women with no pregnancy loss history (control group). The miR-27a rs895819 A>G polymorphism was detected using PCR amplification, followed by DraIII-HF restriction enzyme digestion. Results: The GG genotype was linked to a significantly higher risk of RPL (p-value = 0.00005), whereas the AA genotype was associated with a significantly lower risk (p-value = 0.00036). The AG genotype appeared more frequently in women with RPL (49.5% vs. 44.9% in controls), but the difference was not statistically significant (p-value = 0.5139). Conclusions: To our knowledge, this is the first study demonstrating that the miR-27a A>G polymorphism was significantly associated with a higher risk of recurrent miscarriage in Caucasian women. These findings provide evidence that the GG genotype may serve as a potential genetic marker for identifying women at higher risk of recurrent miscarriage, offering valuable insights for genetic counseling and reproductive medicine.