The therapeutic effect of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-involved cancer therapies is significantly limited by shortage of oxy-substrates, such as hypoxia in photodynamic therapy (PDT) and insufficient hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) in chemodynamic therapy (CDT). Here, we report a H₂O₂/O₂ self-supplying nanoagent, (MSNs@CaO₂-ICG)@LA, which consists of manganese silicate (MSN)-supported calcium peroxide (CaO₂) and indocyanine green (ICG) with further surface modification of phase-change material lauric acid (LA). Under laser irradiation, ICG simultaneously generates singlet oxygen and emits heat to melt the LA. The exposed CaO₂ reacts with water to produce O₂ and H₂O₂ for hypoxia-relieved ICG-mediated PDT and H₂O₂-supplying MSN-based CDT, acting as an open source strategy for ROS production. Additionally, the MSNs-induced glutathione depletion protects ROS from scavenging, termed reduce expenditure. This open source and reduce expenditure strategy is effective in inhibiting tumor growth both in vitro and in vivo, and significantly improves ROS generation efficiency from multi-level for ROS-involved cancer therapies.

An efficient three-dimensional (3D) hybrid material of nitrogen-doped graphene sheets (N-RGO) supporting molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂) nanoparticles with high-performance electrocatalytic activity for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is fabricated by using a facile hydrothermal route. Comprehensive microscopic and spectroscopic characterizations confirm the resulting hybrid material possesses a 3D crumpled few-layered graphene network structure decorated with MoS₂ nanoparticles. Electrochemical characterization analysis reveals that the resulting hybrid material exhibits efficient electrocatalytic activity toward HER under acidic conditions with a low onset potential of 112 mV and a small Tafel slope of 44 mV per decade. The enhanced mechanism of electrocatalytic activity has been investigated in detail by controlling the elemental composition, electrical conductance and surface morphology of the 3D hybrid as well as Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations. This demonstrates that the abundance of exposed active sulfur edge sites in the MoS₂ and nitrogen active functional moieties in N-RGO are synergistically responsible for the catalytic activity, whilst the distinguished and coherent interface in MoS₂/N-RGO facilitates the electron transfer during electrocatalysis. Our study gives insights into the physical/chemical mechanism of enhanced HER performance in MoS₂/N-RGO hybrids and illustrates how to design and construct a 3D hybrid to maximize the catalytic efficiency.