This experiment investigated the influence of different synbiotic processing methods on the intestinal bacterial count, morphology and histological status of developed male Mandarah chicks. Two hundred and ten male Mandarah line chicks aged 1 d were randomized to receive one of 7 chicks. The method and dose for 1-time synbiotics administration to the day-old chicks were as follows: G1: chicks on basal diet received no treatment (control); G2: 0.25 mL synbiotics sprayed; G3: 0.50 mL synbiotics sprayed; G4: 0.25 mL of synbiotics are added to drinking water; G5: 0.50 mL of synbiotics are added to drinking water; G6: 0.25 mL of synbiotics dripped into the mouth; and G7: 0.50 mL of synbiotics dripped into mouth drops. Lactic acid bacteria(LAB) were significantly increased (P<0.0001) compared to the control group and other treated groups and had the maximum values after the use of synbiotics via drinking water (0.25 or 0.50 mL). Furthermore, when comparing the treated birds (G4, G5) with the control birds, the Escherichia coli concentration in the drinking water containing synbiotics was significantly lower. In addition, treated chickens at (G7) showed a higher duodenum, ileum villus height (VH), and VH. - Ileum crypt depth (CD) ratio compared to other groups. In addition, birds treated with 0.50 mL of synbiotics in drinking water (G5) performed better in duodenum, ileum, CD and VH. - CD ratio than the other groups. Meanwhile, intestinal tract length and visceral pH did not differ significantly between groups. It can be concluded that the use of 0.25 mL of synbiotics in drinking water can improve the overall health of birds.

This study used 300 1-day-old, sexless, developing chicks of Japanese quail to estimate the ability of vitamin C and/or garlic to antagonize the venomous influence of cadmium (Cd) on the hematological, immunological, and performance characteristics of developing Japanese quail. The quail was separated into 5 similar groups of 60 chicks apiece, and 6 duplicates (10 each) were given to each sub-group. The control group received a basal diet without any supplements. The Cd group was nourished with a basal diet of + 80 mg cadmium chloride (CdCl₂)/kg diet. The 3rd group was fed a basal diet + 80 mg CdCl2/kg diet and complemented with a 200 mg Vitamin C (Cd + C)/kg diet. The 4th group was nourished with a basal diet + 80 mg CdCl₂/kg diet and complemented by a 500 mg dried garlic powder (Cd + G)/kg diet. The 5th group was fed a basal diet + 80 mg CdCl₂/kg diet, complemented by a 200 mg vitamin C/kg diet + 500 mg dried garlic powder (Cd + CG)/kg diet. Results showed that in the 5th group in which cadmium was added together with Vit C + garlic, there was an improvement in both live weight gain (1-42 d) and feed consumption (1-21 and 1-42 d ) compared to the group in which Cd was added alone. The addition of Vit C alone and together with garlic seems to completely improve the cadmium-related increase in alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels when compared to the control. Compared to cadmium-polluted diets, quail that got cadmium and feed additives significantly reduced cadmium residue. In addition, the cadmium group's serum immunoglobulin M (IgM) level decreased significantly. These data imply that dietary supplementation with (C) or (G) may be beneficial in retrogressing the drop in immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM caused by Cd and minimizing Cd's deleterious influence on immunity.

Background: Restrictions on antibiotic growth promoters in poultry production have driven the search for safe, natural alternatives. Organic acids, herbal additives and spirulina are promising options due to their antimicrobial, antioxidant and growth‐enhancing effects. Objectives: The purpose of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of formic acid (FAc), herbal mixture (HMX) and spirulina powder (SPI) as potential antibiotic alternatives in broiler diets, specifically examining their impact on growth, carcass characteristics, blood biochemistry and intestinal microbial count. Methods: Six replicates of ten unsexed chicks per group comprised the eight experimental groups to which 480 one‐day‐old Ross 308 broiler chicks were randomly assigned. The treatments were as follows: T1 (control); T2 (0.5 g Colistin antibiotic/kg diet); T3 (2 cm ³ FAc/kg diet); T4 (4 cm ³ FAc/kg diet); T5 (2 g HMX/kg diet); T6 (3 g HMX/kg diet); T7 (0.5 g SPI/kg diet); and T8 (1 g SPI/kg diet). Results: Significant differences were detected in daily body weight gain (DBWG) and live body weight (LBW), with the spirulina‐treated groups (T7 and T8) showing the highest values. Also, significant influences on feed intake (FI), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and performance index (PI), with the HMX groups showing the most favourable FCR and the highest PI. Blood biochemistry and antioxidant markers were influenced by the HMX and SPI treatments. The SPI groups showed reduced liver enzyme levels, while the HMX groups demonstrated improved protein profiles and enhanced antioxidant enzyme activity. Microbial analysis revealed that FAc and HMX treatments led to a reduction in pathogenic bacteria, with T3, T4 and T5 showing the lowest levels of Escherichia coli and Salmonella . Conclusion: These results suggest that FAc, HMX and SPI are promising dietary supplements for enhancing both the broiler chickens' growth rates and general health.

This study was conducted using the first-lactation records of 1092 Vrindavani crossbred cattle to compare the relative efficiency of an artificial neural network (ANN) versus multiple linear regression for predicting the first-lactation 305-day milk yield (FL305DMY). The two input sets used for predicting FL305DMY in the study were input set-1: first four monthly test-day milk yields, age at first calving, and peak milk yield; and input set-2: first four monthly milk yields, age at first calving, and peak milk yield. The ANN was trained using a backpropagation algorithm based on Bayesian regularisation, and the algorithm was tested using four sets of training and test data at ratios of 66.67:33.33, 75:25, 80:20, and 90:10. The results revealed that the coefficient of determination showed no regular trend with decreasing the test dataset. Nevertheless, the observed values were highest for the 90:10 ratio of training-test data for both input sets, with the lowest root mean square error. The ANN model outperformed the multiple linear regression model when predicting FL305DMY, with an accuracy of 79.09% for input set-1 and 83.67% for input set-2, with the lowest root mean square error values for both input sets. Therefore, the ANN model can be used as an alternative technique to predict FL305DMY in Vrindavani cows.

The interest in dietary prebiotics in rabbit production has increased as a consequence of the search for natural alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters. This study was conducted to evaluate the individual and combined effects of gum Arabic and mannan oligosaccharides on growth performance, physiological health, meat quality and cecal bacterial populations of growing New Zealand White rabbits. Eighty rabbits (5 weeks of age) were randomly allocated to four dietary treatments, for a period of 8 weeks: basal diet (control), basal diet supplemented with gum Arabic (2 g/kg), mannan oligosaccharides (2 g/kg) or their combination (2 + 2 g/kg). The dietary supplementation significantly improved the final body weight, body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, carcass yield, serum protein profile, selected serum biochemical indicators related to hepatic and renal status, lipid profile, antioxidant status, immune response, meat quality and cecal microbial balance as compared to the control group. The combined treatment always produced the best improvements with better growth performance, less abdominal fat, higher antioxidant enzyme activity, higher immunoglobulin concentrations, better water-holding capacity and cooking characteristics of meat, higher populations of beneficial Lactobacillus and lower Escherichia coli counts. The combined treatment produced the most favorable responses for several measured variables, although the magnitude and statistical significance of the response varied among traits. These findings suggest that GA and MOS may have potential as dietary supplements for modulating selected productive, physiological, meat-quality, and cecal bacterial parameters in growing rabbits.