This study investigated the relationship between fundamental movement skills (FMSs) and health-related fitness (HRF) among first and second graders in South Korean elementary schools. It aimed to provide foundational data for developing physical education programs tailored to the motor development stages and fitness levels of younger elementary school students. This study utilized secondary data from the physical activity competence evaluation conducted by the Health Physical Activity Institute (HPAI). In October 2023, the HPAI evaluated the fundamental movement skills (jumping, running, hopping, static balance, dynamic balance, overhand throwing, and kicking) and health-related fitness (muscular strength, cardiorespiratory endurance, and flexibility) of 291 first and second-grade students. The collected data were analyzed through frequency and multiple regression analyses performed using SPSS software. The results revealed that higher scores in jumping and hopping are associated with greater muscular strength, cardiorespiratory endurance, and flexibility. Running had no significant effect on HRF elements. Higher scores in static balance (i.e., that used in single-leg stance) were associated with increased muscular strength, cardiorespiratory endurance, and flexibility, but dynamic balance (balance beam walking) did not have a significant effect. Higher scores in overhand throwing were associated with greater muscular strength and cardiorespiratory endurance, but kicking did not show a significant association. Overall, these findings emphasize the importance of prioritizing jumping and static balance in physical education for the well-rounded health development of first and second graders. Based on the results derived from this study, it is expected to serve as a theoretical basis for including “jumping” and “static balance” in the first and second grade curriculum of elementary schools, thereby providing essential guidance.

This study investigated the relationship between fundamental movement skills (FMSs) and health-related fitness (HRF) among first and second graders in South Korean elementary schools. It aimed to provide foundational data for developing physical education programs tailored to the motor development stages and fitness levels of younger elementary school students. In October 2023, FMSs (jumping, running, hopping, static balance, dynamic balance, overhand throwing, and kicking) and HRF (muscular strength, cardiorespiratory endurance, and flexibility) were evaluated among 291 first and second graders. The collected data were analyzed through frequency and multiple regression analyses performed using the SPSS software. The results revealed that higher scores in jumping and hopping are associated with greater muscular strength, cardiorespiratory endurance, and flexibility. Running had no significant effect on HRF elements. Higher scores in static balance (single-leg stance) were associated with increased muscular strength, cardiorespiratory endurance, and flexibility, but dynamic balance (balance beam walking) did not have a significant effect. Higher scores in overhand throwing were associated with greater muscular strength and cardiorespiratory endurance, but kicking did not show a significant association. Overall, these findings emphasize the importance of prioritizing jumping and static balance in physical education for the well-rounded health development of first and second graders.

[목적] 본 연구는 체육고등학교 운동선수들이 인식한 코칭행동, 동기분위기, 스포츠유능성, 노력 그리고 실패내성의 관계를 분석하고자 하였다. 또한 동기분위기, 유능성, 그리고 노력이 코칭행동과 실패내성의 관계서 어떠한 매개효과가 있는지를 검증하는 것이다. [방법] 고등학교 운동선수 365명을 대상으로 자율성지지 코칭행동, 통제적 코칭행동, 동기분위기, 스포츠유능성, 노력, 그리고 실패내성 질문지를 측정하였다. 수집된 자료는 SPSS 28.0 및 Amos 28.0 ver 프로그램을 활용하여 신뢰도 분석, 기술통계 분석과 상관분석, 확인적 요인분석, 집중타당도 분석, 판별타당도, 구조모형 분석을 실시하였고, 부트스트랩(bootstrap) 방법을 활용하여 직렬다중매개효과를 검증하였다. [결과] 첫째, 자율성지지 코칭행동은 동기분위기와 스포츠유능성 그리고 노력에 정적인 영향을 미쳤다. 둘째, 자율성지지 코칭행동은 실패내성에 정적인 영향을 미쳤다. 셋째, 통제적 코칭행동은 동기분위기와 스포츠유능성에 부적인 영향을 미쳤다. 넷째, 동기분위기는 노력에 정적인 영향을 미쳤다. 다섯째, 스포츠유능성은 노력에 정적인 영향을 미쳤다. 여섯째, 노력은 실패내성에 정적인 영향을 미쳤다. 마지막으로 자율성지지 코칭행동과 실패내성의 관계에서 동기분위기, 스프츠유능성, 노력은 부분매개효과가 나타났다. [결론] 청소년 운동선수들의 실패내성에 대한 과정을 확인하는데 코치의 자율성지지 코칭행동의 중요성을 확인하였고, 이러한 정보를 바탕으로 경기력 향상을 위한 상담(교육)프로그램을 구성하여 스포츠 현장에 제공함으로써 선수들의 성공을 기대할 수 있다. PURPOSE This study analyzed the relationship among coaching behaviors, motivational climate, sports competence, effort, and failure tolerance as perceived by high school athletes. Additionally, it examined whether motivational climate, competence, and effort mediate the relationship between coaching behaviors and failure tolerance. METHODS Using questionnaires measuring autonomy-supportive coaching behavior, controlling coaching behavior, motivational climate, sports competence, effort, and failure tolerance, 365 high school athletes were surveyed. Using SPSS 28.0 and Amos 28.0 software, descriptive statistics and structural equation modeling were conducted along with the following types of analyses: reliability, correlation, confirmatory factor, convergent validity, and discriminant. Additionally, the bootstrap method was used to verify serial multiple mediating effects. RESULTS Autonomy-supportive behavior had a significant positive effect 1) on motivational climate, sports competence, and effort and 2) on failure tolerance. 3) Controlling coaching behavior had a significant negative effect on motivational climate and sports competence. 4) Motivational climate and 5) sports competence both had a significant positive effect on effort. 6) Effort had a significant positive effect on failure tolerance. Last, in the relationship between autonomy-supportive behavior and failure tolerance, motivational climate, sports competence, and effort showed partial mediating effects. CONCLUSIONS This study confirms the importance of coaches’ autonomy-supportive behavior in determining failure tolerance among adolescent athletes. Based on this information, counseling (educational) programs aimed at enhancing performance can be developed and provided in sports settings, thus fostering success among athletes.