Background/Objectives: The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of tumor characteristics on lesion conspicuity in contrast-enhanced mammography (CEM) and identify factors associated with different levels of conspicuity. Methods: In this retrospective study, we analyzed 552 patients with breast cancer who underwent CEM. Lesion conspicuity was categorized into three levels: 1 (low), 2 (moderate), and 3 (high). Tumor characteristics included age, histological subtype, hormone receptor status, HER2 status, Ki67 index, tumor grade, and molecular subtype. Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to assess associations between lesion conspicuity and these factors. Results: Of the 552 cases, the majority showed mass enhancement (78.1%), followed by non-mass enhancement (NME) (16.8%), and a combination of mass and NME (4.0%). Lesion conspicuity was significantly associated with enhancement type on CEM (p < 0.001). High conspicuity (score 3) was predominantly observed in masses (84.8%) compared to NME (7.6%). Larger tumor dimensions (median 20 mm) were also associated with higher conspicuity (p < 0.001). Molecular subtypes differed significantly in conspicuity, with Luminal A tumors showing lower conspicuity compared to HER2-positive and triple-negative breast cancers (p = 0.025). In multivariate analysis, lesion conspicuity was strongly associated with enhancement type (p < 0.001) and tumor dimensions (p < 0.001), while histological subtype and molecular characteristics had no significant independent impact. Conclusions: Lesion conspicuity in CEM is primarily influenced by the type of enhancement and tumor size. Mass-forming lesions, particularly larger ones, are more conspicuous, while NME tends to result in lower conspicuity. These findings suggest that enhancement patterns and tumor dimensions are key factors to consider when interpreting CEM in breast cancer diagnosis.

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAT) plays a crucial role in breast cancer (BC) treatment, both in advanced BC and in early-stage BC, with different rates of pathological complete response (pCR) among the different BC molecular subtypes. Imaging monitoring is mandatory to evaluate the NAT efficacy. This study evaluates the diagnostic performance of Contrast-Enhanced Mammography (CEM) in BC patients undergoing NAT. This retrospective two-center study included 174 patients. The breast lesions were classified based on the molecular subtypes in hormone receptor (HR+)/HER2−, HER2+, and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). The histopathological analysis performed following surgery was used as a reference standard for the pCR. Sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV were measured overall and for the different subtypes. We enrolled 174 patients, 79/174 (46%) HR+/HER2−, 59/174 (33.9%) HER2+, and 35/174 (20.1%) TNBC; the pCR was found in 64/174 (36.8%), of which 57.1% were TNBCs. In the total population, the CEM sensitivity and specificity were 66.2% and 75.2%, with a PPV of 61.4% and an NPV of 78.8%. The highest specificity (80.9%) and NPV (91.7%) were found in HR+/HER2−, while the highest sensitivity (70%) and PPV appeared (73.7%) in TNBC. The results indicate that CEM is a valid tool to assess the pCR, with different performances among the subtypes of BC.

Melanoma in situ of the nipple is an uncommon diagnosis, with only a few reports in the literature. Due to the variety of pathologies that can affect the nipple-areola complex, the diagnosis can be challenging. In this case report we describe a patient with cosmetic bilateral breast implants who presented with eczema of the left nipple-areola complex and suspicious microcalcifications in the lower inner quadrant of the ipsilateral breast on mammography, subsequently diagnosed with nipple melanoma and concomitant ductal carcinoma in situ.