Introduction: Rapid growth in early childhood has been identified as a possible risk factor for long-term adiposity. However, there is a lack of studies quantifying this phenomenon only in healthy, full-term infants with appropriate birth weight for gestational age. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to investigate the association of rapid growth in full-term children up to 2 years of age with adiposity up to 18 years of age. Methodology: A systematic review of the literature was conducted in PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science. Results: 14 studies were included. We were unable to find strong evidence that rapid growth in early childhood is a risk factor for long-term adiposity. Rapid growth in early childhood was associated with taller heights (standardized mean difference: 0.51 (CI: 0.25–0.77)) and higher body mass index (standardized mean difference: 0.50 (CI: 0.25–0.76)) and a higher risk of overweight under 18 years. Conclusion: Rapid growth in early childhood in term infants with appropriate birth weight is associated with higher growth, body mass index, and risk of being overweight up to age 18, but further work is needed to identify the associations between early rapid growth and obesity later in adulthood.

Introduction: Obesity is a global health problem, with an impact on future health. Early factors such as infant feeding and rapid weight gain (RWG) may play a role in its development. However, their contribution is not fully understood.Objective: To analyse associations and potential interactions between the type of infant feeding during the first 4 months of age, RWG and later development of obesity in children at 6 years of age.Materials and Methods: This observational longitudinal study examines growth in 834 children born at term with adequate weight for their gestational age. Data were collected from birth to 6 years, focusing on weight, height and body mass index (BMI) z‐scores. The relationships between infant feeding, RWG, and BMI at 6 years were explored using mediation models.Results: Formula‐fed infants showed higher BMI z‐scores and obesity prevalence at 6 years compared to exclusively breastfed infants (p = 0.012 and p = 0.003 respectively). RWG also was associated with higher BMI z‐scores and obesity (p < 0.001 in both cases), with formula‐fed infants more likely to experience RWG (39.7% vs. 32.2%; p = 0.036). Mediation analysis revealed that the association between feeding type and BMI at 6 years is partly positively mediated by infant RWG up to 6 months.Conclusions: Infant feeding practices, particularly exclusive breastfeeding in the first 4 months, are associated with weight and BMI trajectories up to 6 years. Rapid weight gain mediates this relationship in the first 6 months, but from 6 to 12 months.

Introducción: Durante el año 2022 se objetivó un aumento de casos de hepatitis de origen desconocido en la población pediátrica. Su etiología a día de hoy todavía no ha sido esclarecida. Este estudio tiene como objetivo presentar la clínica y los resultados de los análisis de laboratorio de los pacientes con hepatitis atendidos en el Hospital del Niño Dr. José Renán Esquivel durante el año 2022.   Material y métodos: Estudio descriptivo de 10 pacientes pediátricos con criterios de hepatitis aguda de origen desconocido atendidos en nuestro centro durante el año 2022. Se ha llevado a cabo un análisis de las principales variables clínicas, analíticas, demográficas, vacunales y serológicas. Resultados:  Se encontraron 10 pacientes, con una media de edad de 2,8 años. La clínica predominante ha sido la de ictericia, fiebre y clínica gastrointestinal. Analíticamente se ha detectado un aumento de los niveles de transaminasas así como de bilirrubina. Tan sólo un paciente contaba con historia de vacunación para el SARS-CoV-2. El principal agente etiológico identificado ha sido el adenovirus, encontrándose en el 40% de los casos. Conclusiones: Los pediatras deben tener en cuenta el diagnóstico de hepatitis aguda de origen desconocido en pacientes con clínica de ictericia y fiebre, pudiendo asociar vómitos, diarrea, hepatomegalia, dolor abdominal y coluria, entre otros. La elevación de transaminasas (>500 U/L de AST o ALT) y bilirrubina debe aumentar el índice de sospecha. A pesar de que el principal agente etiológico parece guardar relación con el adenovirus, son necesarios más estudios para confirmar dicha hipótesis. Introduction: During the year 2022 an increase in cases of hepatitis of unknown origin was observed in the pediatric population. Its etiology has not yet been clarified. This study aims to present the clinical and laboratory results of patients with hepatitis treated at the Hospital del Niño Dr. José Renán Esquivel during the year 2022. Material and methods: Descriptive study of 10 pediatric patients with criteria of acute hepatitis of unknown origin seen in our center during the year 2022. An analysis of the main clinical, analytical, demographic, vaccination and serological variables was carried out. Results: The final sample consisted of 10 patients, with a mean age of 2.8 years. The predominant clinical manifestations were jaundice, fever and gastrointestinal symptoms. Laboratory tests showed increased levels of transaminases and bilirubin. Only one patient had a history of vaccination for SARS-CoV-2. The main etiological agent identified was adenovirus, found in 40% of the patients studied.   Conclusions: Pediatricians should consider the diagnosis of acute hepatitis of unknown origin in patients with jaundice and fever, which may be associated with vomiting, diarrhea, hepatomegaly, abdominal pain and choluria, among others. Elevated transaminases (>500 U/L of AST or ALT) and bilirubin should increase the index of suspicion. Although the main etiological agent to date seems to be related to adenovirus, further studies are needed to confirm this hypothesis.

Introduction: Eating Disorders (ED) represent a significant health concern in the pediatric population due to high morbidity, prolonged hospital stays, and frequent readmissions. Scientific evidence regarding nutritional factors that may influence length of stay or risk of readmission is limited in this population. Objectives: To identify variables associated with longer hospital stays and readmission in pediatric patients with ED admitted to a reference unit in northern Spain. Methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted following STROBE guidelines, including patients under 18 years admitted for ED at a tertiary referral hospital between 2022 and 2025. Nutritional, anthropometric, clinical, evolution-related, and treatment variables were collected. Descriptive analyses, group comparisons according to length of stay and readmission, and logistic regression models were performed to identify associated factors. Results: The study included 75 patients, predominantly female (94.7%), with a mean age of 14.5 years. Twenty-eight percent of patients experienced at least one readmission during the study period. Multivariable regression identified that the use of a nasogastric tube and nutritional supplements was significantly associated with reduced length of stay. In addition, in patients with moderate to severe malnutrition, a recovery greater than 5% according to the Waterlow index was associated with a lower probability of readmission. Although anthropometric differences were observed between groups according to their need for readmission, most were not statistically significant. Conclusions: Nutritional support via nasogastric tube when indicated, the use of nutritional supplements, and a >5% recovery in the Waterlow index in patients with moderate to severe malnutrition are key factors in reducing hospital stay and readmission risk in pediatric patients with ED in our cohort. Isolated laboratory analyses and anthropometric measures showed limited predictive value in this context.

Aim: Maternal health and gestational control are crucial to improving the newborn's prognosis. This study analyses demographic and obstetric factors at the beginning of pregnancy related to neonatal health, assessing their impact on the risk of hospital admission and prematurity.Methods: Observational retrospective study conducted in Northeast Spain with data of 9560 newborns between February 2017 and February 2022. The following have been evaluated as risk factors for hospital admission: nulliparity, multiple gestation, fertilisation techniques, foreign maternal origin, maternal age, smoking and residential location, dividing the sample according to gestational age. Hypothesis testing and logistic regression were performed.Results: Nulliparity, fertilisation techniques and multiple gestation represent a risk factor for neonatal admission (OR 22.48, 4.04 and 3.34, respectively), especially in premature newborns <32 weeks of GA (OR: 30.71, 10.71 and 22.76, respectively). Foreign maternal origin also adds risk of admission, both in term newborns (OR 1.26; CI: 1.10–1.43) and in premature babies <32 weeks of GA (OR 1.61; CI: 1.09–2.38). Tobacco does not present a significant risk of neonatal admission. The multivariate analysis model confirms the influence of the following factors in all the studied groups: nulliparity, multiple gestation and foreign maternal origin.Conclusions: Nulliparity and multiple pregnancies are both main risk factors for neonatal admission and premature delivery. The use of fertilisation techniques and the foreign origin of the mother significantly associate increased risk of admission and neonatal prematurity. These findings underscore the need for a comprehensive approach to prenatal care to improve neonatal prognosis and promote long‐term health in risk populations.